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Chapter 13

Milestones of the Past Century

TermDefinition
European Economic Community An alliance formed in 1957 by six West European countries dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually developed into the larger European Union.
European Union The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe.
Marshall Plan Huge U.S. government initiative to aid in the post–World War II recovery of Western Europe that was put into effect in 1948.
Great Leap Forward Communist push for collectivization that created “people’s communes” and aimed to mobilize China’s population for rapid development.
Cultural Revolution China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a massive campaign launched by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party
Cold War Geopolitical and ideological conflict between communist regimes and capitalist powers after World War II, spreading from Eastern Europe through Asia
NATO A military alliance, created in 1949, between the United States and various European countries; largely aimed at defending against the threat of Soviet aggression during the cold war.
Warsaw Pact A military alliance between the Soviet Union and communist states in Eastern Europe, created in 1955 as a counterweight to NATO; expressed the tensions of the cold war in Europe.
Iron Curtain heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe
Korean War A North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950 led to both Chinese and American involvement in a bitter three-year conflict (1950–1953), which ended in an essential standoff that left the Korean peninsula still divided in the early twenty-first century
Vietnam War It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China,[13] and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the anti-communist allies.
Soviet-Afghan War 1979–1989 a conflict where groups known as the Mujahideen, as well as Marxist–Leninist–Maoist groups, fought against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) and the Soviet Army throughout the 1980s, mostly in the Afghan countryside
Cuban Missile Crisis United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba.
Decolonization Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement and in some cases through violent military confrontations.
Indian National Congress The political party led by Mahatma Gandhi that succeeded in bringing about Indian independence from Britain in 1947.
Mohandas Gandhi Often known as “Mahatma” or “Great Soul,” the political leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain; rejected the goal of modern industrialization and advocated nonviolence.
Muslim League Political group formed in response to the Indian National Congress in India’s struggle for independence from Britain
Muhammad Ali Jinnah the League’s leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan.
Partition of India The partition of India in 1947 divided British India into two independent Dominions: India and Pakistan.
Sukarno the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists.
Globalization of Democracy Late twentieth-century political shift that brought popular movements, multiparty elections, and new constitutions to countries around the world.
Collapse of the Soviet Union The dissolution of the Soviet Union was the process of internal political, economic, and ethnic disintegration within the Soviet Union, which resulted in the end of its existence as a sovereign state.
Deng Xiaoping Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms dismantled many of the distinctly communist elements of the Chinese economy.
Mikhail Gorbachev Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse.
Perestroika Gorbachev freeing state enterprises from the heavy hand of government regulation, permitting small-scale private businesses called cooperatives, offering opportunities for private farming, and cautiously welcoming foreign investment in joint enterprises.
Glasnost a policy instated by the Soviet Union that called for government transparency and openness in hopes of strengthening economic and political relations within itself as well as with other companies.
Miracle Year of 1989 Massive demonstrations, last-minute efforts at reforms, the breaching of the Berlin Wall, the surfacing of new political groups overwhelmed the communist regimes of Eastern Europe, which were quickly swept away.
Creation of Israel On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel. U.S. President Harry S. Truman recognized the new nation on the same day.
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Public declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine, including the 1897 First Zionist Congress and the 1917 Balfour Declaration, created early tension in the region.
Iranian Revolution Establishment of a radically Islamist government in Iran in 1979; helped trigger a war with Iraq in the 1980s.
Taliban, Al Qaddafi, Boko Haram, Isis the most globally unsettling and novel aspect of post–cold war international life has been the proliferation of “terrorist” attacks undertaken by radical Islamist groups
Syrian Civil War Conflict beginning in 2011 that generated over 12 million refugees and asylum seekers by mid-2016 and engaged both regional and world powers on various sides of the conflict.
Created by: Zining Cheng
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