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Ap World EEAC
European Exploration and Colonization terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Council of the Indies | The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524- early 18th century. Supervised all government, ecclesiastical, and commercial authority. Control difficult due to geography and technology. |
| Viceroyalty | The highest-ranking Spanish officials were the Viceroys of New Spain and Peru. Included the Viceroyalty of New Spain (capital in Mexico City) and Peru (Capital in Lima). Each was divided into a number of judicial and administrative districts. |
| Charter Company | Group of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. This improved the colonies' prospects and allowed France and England to promote national claims w/o gov't expense. |
| Economienda | A grant of authority of the population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. Provided the grant holder w/ a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. Obliged grantholder to Christianize the Amerindians. |
| Creoles | In Colonial Spanish America, someone of European descent born in the New World. Everywhere else in the Americas, all non-native peoples |
| Mestizo | To Spanish authorities, someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. Held a middle position in society, dominated urban and artisan trades and small-scale agriculture and ranching. |
| Indentured servant | A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term (usually 4-7 years). Eventually accounted for 80% of all English immigrants to Virginia and Maryland. |
| Ceoureurs de Bois | "Runners of the Woods." French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married Amerindian people of N. America. Helped direct the fur trade and guided French expansion to the west and south. |
| Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and direted voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. Established contact and trade with W. Africa (for Portugal) and founded a research institution. |
| Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain lead expeditions across the Atlantic. Reestablished contact btwn the people of the Americas and the Old World; opened the way to Spanish conquest and organization |
| Moctezuma | Last Aztec emperor; overthrown by Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. Ruled from Tenochtitlan; welcomed Cortes with gifts and flower garlands |
| Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of Northeastern Amerindian people that made decisions about military and diplomatic issues through a council of reps. Dominated the area from Western New England to the Great Lakes. Allied w/ Dutch and later English. |
| Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. Crucial pieces of this system were the slave trade and plantation slavery. |
| Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government. Conducted its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. |
| Plantocracy | The rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the 18th century. Existed in the West Indian colonies. Were powerful and held prominent social positions |
| Seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines. Often experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. 1/3 of slaves died of unfamiliar diseases during this period. |
| Manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. In some colonies, produced a significant black population. By the late 18th century, free blacks were more numerous than slaves in most of the Spanish colonies. |
| Mercantilism | Promoted overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only w/ their motherland country. Discouraged citizens from trading with foreign merchants and used armed force when necessary. |
| Triangular Trade | The same as Columbian Exchange; the global transfer of food, plants, animals, good, and disease during the colonization of the Americas. |
| Bartolomeo Dias | Portuguese explorer who lead an expedition in 1488. The first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Pacific COean |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who lead the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522. The first expedition to sail around the world |
| Middle Passage | Second leg of the Atlantic circuit. Involved the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. |
| Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, originally associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics. By the 17th century, it laid the groundwork for modern science. |
| Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in 18th-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. Force behind constitutionalism. |
| Constitutionalism | Idea that the Constitution grants rights and defines responsibilities. The people rule through representation. |
| Absolutism | Where the king has total and complete control over everything. |
| Bourgeoisies | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. Dominated manufacturing, finance, and trade. Sought mutually beneficial alliances with European monarchs. |
| Joint-stock company | A business, often backed by a gov't charter, that sold shares to people to raise money for its trading enterprises and spread the risk among many investors. |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who lead an expedition from 1497- 1498. First naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route |
| Conquistadors | 16th-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. Established European land empires in America and boosted Spanish wealth |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador. Lead the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain |
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OlenaT
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