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Concept Dis. Ch. 10
Neoplastic Disease
| Questions | Answers |
|---|---|
| benign or malignant overgrowth of tissue that serves no normal function | tumor |
| spread of cancer cells from the primary site of origin to distant site within the body | metastasis |
| descriptive term for a benign tumor projecting from and epithelial surface | polyp |
| descriptive term for a benign tumor projecting from an epithelial surface | papilloma |
| malignant tumor derived from glandular/ parenchymal epithelial cells | carcinoma |
| malignant tumor arising from primary tissues, other than surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelial cells; connective/supporting tissue | sarcoma |
| neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes | leukemia |
| neoplasm of lymphoid cells | lymphoma |
| Hodgkin disease is one type of | a lymphoma |
| characteristic cells of Hodgkin disease, containing two "mirror image" nuclei with prominent nucleoli | Reed-Sternberg cell |
| keratin-forming cell in the epidermis | keratinocyte |
| melanin-producing cell in the epidermis | melanocyte |
| dark pigment found in the skin, in the middle coat of the eye, and in some other regions | melanin |
| benign tumor of pigment-producing cells | nevus |
| malignant tumor of pigment-producing cells | melanoma |
| tumor of a mixed cell components, can be either benign or malignant | teratoma |
| common type of benign cystic teratoma that commonly arises in the ovary | dermoid cyst |
| malignant renal tumor of infants and children | Wilms tumor |
| precancerous warty proliferation of squamous epithelial cells in sun damaged skin of older persons | actinic keratosis |
| precancerous, pigmented skin lesion arising from proliferation of melanocytes | lentigo maligna |
| white patch of hyperplastic & usually atypical squamous epithelium on oral mucosa or genital tract mucosa | alteration in a base sequence in DNA; may alter cell function |
| a mutation is transmitted from parents to offspring only if mutation is in | gametes |
| normal gene that regulates some aspect of cell growth, maturation, or division | proto-oncogene |
| gene that suppresses proliferation | tumor suppressor gene |
| genes that monitor & correct errors in DNA replication during cell division | DNA repair genes |
| abnormally functioning gene that causes unrestrained cell growth leading to formation of a tumor | oncogene |
| oncogene results from ____ or ____ of a proto-oncogene | mutation; translocation |
| programmed cell death that occurs after a cell has lived a normal life span | apoptosis |
| study of cells from various sources, commonly used as a screening test for cancer | Pap smear |
| a frozen section is a method used by the pathologist for | rapid diagnosis of tumors |
| tissue frozen solid, cut into thin sections, stained & examined microscopically | frozen section |
| antigen associated with growing tumor cells, which serves as an indicator of tumor growth in the body | tumor-associated antigen |
| tumor-associated antigen that resembles antigen secreted by cells of fetal gastrointestinal tract | carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
| protein produced by fetal liver in early gestation | alpha fetoprotein |
| alpha fetoprotein in sometimes produced by | tumor cells |
| alpha fetoprotein level is elevated, in amniotic fluid, when the fetus has | neural tube defect |
| hormone made by placenta in pregnancy having actions similar to pituitary gonadotropins | human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC) |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC) is the same hormone made by some neoplastic cells in some types of | malignant testicular tumors |
| anticancer drug that disrupts cell function by binding DNA chains together so that they cannot separate | alkylating agent |
| substance that competes with/replaces another substance (metabolite) required for cell growth/multiplication | antimetabolite |
| anticancer chemotherapy administered after surgical resection of a tumor in an attempt to destroy any undetected foci of metastatic tumor before they become clinically detectable | Adjuvant chemotherapy |
| treatment given to retard growth of disseminated malignant tumor by stimulating body's own immune system | immunotherapy |
| broad-spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in the body | interferon |
| lymphokine that stimulated growth of lymphocytes | Interleukin-2 |
| neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes | leukemia |
| disturbance of bone marrow function that is characterized by anemia, leukopenia, & thrombocytopenia | myelodysplastic syndrome |
| in some patients, myelodysplastic syndrome may be | a precursor to leukemia |
| malignant neoplasm of plasma cells | multiple myeloma |
| antibody protein | immunoglobulin |
| angioma designates a | benign tumor |
| leukemia is cancer of | blood-forming tissues |
| rapid growth, metastasizing, and poorly differentiated cells are all characteristics of | a malignant tumor |
| teratomas most frequently occur within | the reproductive system |
| malignant melanoma tumors originate in | melanocytes |
| actinic keratosis, lentigo maligna, leukoplakia, & colon polyps are all | precancerous conditions |
| when functioning correctly, paired tumor suppressor genes will | inhibit cell proliferation |
| translocation of 9 & 22 chromosomes where results from | the Philadelphia Chromosome |
| sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, changing wart or mole, & indigestion are all | warning signals by American Cancer Society |
| are used to measure postoperative recovery | tumor-associated antigen tests |
| anticancer drugs that are most effective against rapidly growing tumors are | chemotherapy anticancer drugs |
| patients with a high risk of recurrence may be able to receive a tumor vaccine made from | their own tumors |
| granulocytic. acute, lymphocytic, and monocytic are all | types of leukemia |
| characterized by continuous growth & maturation of cells | normal life processes |
| in order to control their regular growth rate, all cells are subjected to | control mechanisms |
| overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose & are not subject to control mechanisms normally regulating cell growth & differentiation | neoplasm |
| benign tumors may push normal tissue aside, but does not infiltrate surrounding tissues or spread by | blood or lymphatic channels |
| appear mature and closely resemble the normal cells from which the tumor was derived | benign tumors |
| composed of less well-differentiated cells, grows rapidly, & infiltrate surrounding tissues rather than growing by expansion | malignant tumors |
| the infiltrating strands of a malignant tumors often find their way into | vascular or lymphatic channels |
| secondary deposits of a malignant tumor are called | metastatic tumors |
| tumors are named & classified according to | cells & tissues from which they originate |
| carcinomas, sarcomas, & leukemias are the | three groups of malignant tumors |
| word used to indicate any type of malignant tumor | cancer |
| malignant tumors acquire properties that allow them to | flourish at expense of surrounding normal cells |
| when a malignant tumor secretes enzymes that break down normal cell & tissue barriers it allows them to | infiltrate into surrounding tissues & lymphatic channels, eventually spreading throughout the body |
| proliferating tumor cells do not | wear out/die after specific number of cell divisions |
| term carcinoma is not applied to malignant tumors of | endothelium or mesothelium |
| malignant tumors of endothelium or mesothelium behave more like malignant tumors of | connective-tissue |
| carcinoma is classified by designating the type of | epithelium from which it arose |
| exact type of sarcoma is specified by | prefix designating cell of origin |
| malignant tumor of cartilage | chondrosarcoma |
| malignant tumor of fibroblasts | fibrosarcoma |
| malignant tumor of fat cells | liposarcoma |
| malignant tumor of muscle cells | myosarcoma |
| malignant tumor of bone-forming cells | osteosarcoma |
| malignant tumor of blood vessels | angiosarcoma |
| neoplasms arising from precursors of WBCs usually do not form | solid tumors |
| over 80% of lymphomas arise from | B cells |
| frequently occurs in young adults, starts in single lymph node/small group, Reed-Sternberg cells intermixed w/lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, & fibrous tissues | Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Reed-Sternberg cells make up only small part of total cells in tumor, but secrete ___ attracting other cells, in order to intermix | cytokines |
| early localized Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with | radiation therapy |
| more advanced Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with | anticancer chemotherapy supplemented with radiation therapy |
| all lymphomas, other than Hodgkin lymphoma, are grouped together under general term | non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| quite variable in appearance, behavior and prognosis | B-cell lymphomas (non-Hodgkin lymphomas) |
| based on type of cells tumor arisen(T, B, & NK cells & histiocytes) & maturity of cells, including subgroups within each | classification of lymphomas |
| most arise from keratin-forming cells or melanocytes | skin tumors |
| nevus is a Latin word meaning | birth mark |
| benign proliferations of keratinocytes | keratoses |
| composed of clusters of infiltrating cells that resemble normal basal cells of epidermis | basal cell carcinoma |
| composed of abnormal infiltrating squamous cells | squamous cell carcinoma |
| squamous cell & basal cell carcinoma can usually be cured by | surgical excision |
| predisposes for melanoma, keratoses as well as skin damage & premature aging of skin | excessive sun exposure |
| rare tumors in children, arising in brain, retina of eye, adrenal glands, kidney, liver or genital tract are | primitive cell tumors |
| primitive cell tumors are named from site of origin, adding | -blastoma on the end |
| primitive cell tumor arising from retina of eye | retinoblastoma |
| primitive cell tumor of hepatic origin | hepatoblastoma |
| malignant tumors frequently induce | new blood vessels |
| parts of a tumor with poorest blood supply undergo | necrosis |
| when tumor growing within an organ blood supply is best at | junction of tumor & adjacent normal tissue |
| small blood vessels may be exposed in | ulcerated base of tumor |
| blood may ooze continuously from vessels at ulcerated base of tumor, causing | anemia |
| two characteristic features of malignant tumors | infiltration & metastasis |
| carcinoma in situ means | in site carcinoma |
| can be completely cured by surgical excision, or treatment that eradicates abnormal epithelium, & most favorable stage to successful treatment | carcinoma in situ |
| conditions that have high likelihood of eventually developing into cancer | precancerous |
| actinic refers to | sun rays |
| if left untreated keratoses eventually develop into | skin cancers |
| Latin term lentigo maligna means | malignant freckle |
| lentigo maligna can also develop into | melanomas |
| leukoplakia can give rise to | squamous cell cancers of oral cavity |
| colon polyps are prone to | malignant change |
| unusual types of leukemia & lymphoma are caused by the virus | T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus HTLV-1 |
| T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus HTLV-1 is related to the virus that causes | AIDS |
| caused by a herpes virus (HHV-8 human herpesvirus 8), in AIDS patients, | Kaposi sarcoma |
| some strains appear to predispose for cervical cancer, as well as squamous cell carcinomas of mouth, throat & larynx | papilloma virus |
| squamous cell carcinomas of mouth, throat & larynx | oropharyngeal carcinomas |
| predisposes to carcinoma of liver | chronic viral hepatitis |
| Epstein-Barr virus infections (mono) have been linked to | nasophyngeal carcinoma |
| activation of an oncogene may consist of change in only a single nucleotide in DNA of gene | point mutation |
| activation of an oncogene may consists of a mutation that may generate multiple copied of same gene | amplification |
| conversion of proto-oncogene into an oncogene | activation of an oncogene |
Created by:
lfrancois
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