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Chapter 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire |
| Triple Entente | Russia, France, and Britain. |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. He was an advocate of increased federalism and widely believed to favor tribalism. he was assassinated for the Serbian independence. |
| World War I | The “Great War” (1914–1918), a European civil war that was marked by massive casualties, trench warfare, and mobilization of entire populations. It triggered the Russian Revolution, and rearranged the political map of Eastern Europe and the Middle East. |
| Total War | War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy. |
| national Self-Determination | that humankind was naturally divided into distinct peoples or nations, each of which deserved an independent state of its own — was loudly proclaimed by the winning side of both world wars |
| Treaty of Versailles | The 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II. |
| Mandate System | was an attempt to stop the cycle of war and fighting over conquered land by appropriating the land of the collapsed Ottoman Empire and the colonies of Germany. |
| Fourteen Points | based on moral principles rather than secret deals and imperialist machinations, a new international peacekeeping organization committed to the principle of “collective security” and intended to avoid any repetition of the horrors that had just ended |
| League of Nations | the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. (1920) |
| Russian Revolution | Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin. |
| Tsar Nicholas II | the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland |
| Vladimir Lenin | Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. |
| Bolsheviks | a radical, far-left, and revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party |
| USSR | was a socialist state that spanned Eurasia during its existence from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a federal union of multiple national republics; in practice its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years. |
| Joseph Stalin | Leader of the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until his death. |
| Collectivization of Agriculture | Communist policies that ended private ownership of land by incorporating peasants from small family farms into large-scale collective farms. |
| Kulaks | a wealthy or prosperous peasant, generally characterized as one who owned a relatively large farm and several head of cattle and horses and who was financially capable of employing hired labour and leasing land. |
| Five Year Plans | consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union, beginning in the late 1920s. |
| Great Purge | Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to solidify his power over the party and nation |
| Gulags | the government agency in charge of the Soviet network of forced labor camps set up by order of Vladimir Lenin, reaching its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s |
| Great Depression | a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied around the world; in most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945 |
| New Deal | immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks); longer-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, the minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs; support for labor unions; and subsidies for farmers. |
| Axis Powers | coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in World War II. ... This was followed by the German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact against the Soviet Union (November 25, 1936). |
| Fascism | considered the conflict of nations to be the driving force of history; intense nationalism and an appeal to post–World War I discontent. praised violence against enemies, action rather than reflection, and placed their faith in a charismatic leader. |
| Benito Mussolini | Charismatic leader of the Italian Fascist Party who came to power in 1922 and ruled until his death. |
| Black Shirts | a private army of disillusioned veterans and jobless men |
| Lateran Accords | Though personally an atheist, Mussolini embraced the Catholic culture of Italy in a series of agreements with the Church, known as the Lateran Accords of 1929, that made the Vatican a sovereign state and Catholicism Italy’s national religion. |
| Nazi Party | German political party that established a fascist state dedicated to extreme nationalism, territorial expansion, and the purification of the German state. |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of the German Nazi Party and Germany’s head of state from 1933 until his death. |
| Mein Kampf | In his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler outlined his case against the Jews and his call for the racial purification of Germany in vitriolic terms. |
| Nuremberg Laws | The Nuremberg Laws were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. |
| Kristallnacht | carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung paramilitary forces along with civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938. The German authorities looked on without intervening. |
| Revolutionary Right | Also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in Japanese political life during the Great Depression that was marked by extreme nationalism, a commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to foreign expansion. |
| Manchuria | The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on 18 September 1931, when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident. |
| World War II in Asia | A struggle to halt Japanese imperial expansion in Asia, fought by the Japanese against primarily Chinese and American foes. |
| Pearl Harbor | The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 08:00, on Sunday, December 7, 1941. |
| Allied Powers | World War II the chief Allied powers were Great Britain, France (except during the German occupation, 1940–44), the Soviet Union (after its entry in June 1941), the United States (after its entry on December 8, 1941), and China. |
| World War II in Europe | A struggle to halt German imperial expansion in Europe, fought by a coalition of allies that included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. |
| Munich Conference | the British and the French gave these actions their reluctant blessing, hoping that this “appeasement” of Hitler could satisfy his demands and avoid all-out war. But it did not. |
| Appeasement | Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent war |
| Blitzkrieg | the German tactic of blitzkrieg (lightning war) coordinated the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over very large areas. |
| Rape of Nanjing | The Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanjing was the mass-scale random murder, wartime rape, looting and arson committed by the Imperial Japanese |
| Firebombing | German bombing of British cities and the firebombing of Japanese and German cities likewise reflected the total war, as did the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which in a single instant vaporized tens of thousands of people. |
| Holocaust | Name commonly used for the Nazi genocide of Jews and other “undesirables” in German society. |
| Winston Churchill | Colonial subjects everywhere were much aware that British prime minister Winston Churchill had solemnly declared in 1941 that “we respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live.” |
| United Nations | As the world's only truly universal global organization, the United Nations has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend national boundaries |
| Communism in Easter Europe | Communism in Eastern Europe is a ground-breaking new survey of the history of Eastern Europe since 1945. It examines how Communist governments came to Eastern Europe, how they changed their societies and the legacies that persisted after their fall |
| Ho Chi Min | a Vietnamese revolutionary and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 1955 and President from 1945 until his death in 1969. |
| Chinese Revolution of 1949 | On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC). |
| CCP | Not until 1921 was a small Chinese Communist Party (CCP) founded, aimed initially at organizing the country’s minuscule urban working class. |
| Mao Zedong | was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976. |
| Guomindang | The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek that governed from 1928 until its overthrow by the communists in 1949. |
| Long March | beleaguered communists from southeastern China trekked to a new base area in the north. This photograph shows Mao on his horse during that epic journey. |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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