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Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion against the ruling Qing dynasty that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. |
| Hong Xiuquan | proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace.” Nor were these leaders content to restore an idealized Chinese society |
| Opium Wars | 1840 China suffered immensely from aggression, wars and chaos. |
| Commissioner Lin Zexu | Royal official charged with ending the opium trade in China; his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars. |
| Treaty of Nanjing | (August 29, 1842) treaty that ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers. China paid the Britis |
| Unequal Treaties | Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. |
| Informal Empire | Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but retained their own governments and a measure of independence |
| Self-Strengthening Movement | the Westernization or Western Affairs Movement ( c. 1861–1895), was a period of radical institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following the military disasters of the Opium Wars. |
| Sino-Japanese War | The war between China and Japan during 1894–1895, fought largely over control of Korea, signaled a radical reversal in the historical relationship of these two East Asian countries. |
| Boxer Uprising | Antiforeign movement (1898–1901) led by Chinese militia organizations, in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. It resulted in military intervention by Western powers and the imposition of a huge payment as punishment. |
| Chinese Revolution of 1912 | The collapse of China’s imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the imperial government for the previous century. |
| “Sick Man of Europe” | Western Europe’s description of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, based on the empire’s economic and military weakness and its apparent inability to prevent the shrinking of its territory. |
| Sultan Selim III | Ottoman sultan from 1789 to 1807, who undertook a program of Westernization |
| Tanzimat Reforms | These reforms, heavily influenced by European ideas, were intended to effectuate a fundamental change of the empire from the old system based on theocratic principles to that of a modern state. |
| Young Ottomans | Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of westernizing reforms to the political system. |
| Sultan Abd al-Hamid II | Ottoman sultan (r. 1876–1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a despotic monarch for the rest of his long reign. |
| Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that advocated a militantly secular public life and a Turkish national identity; came to power through a coup in 1908. |
| Matthew Perry | Lead US Navy to Edo Bay |
| Tokugawa Japan | A period of internal peace in Japan (1600–1850) that prevented civil war but did not fully unify the country; led by military rulers, or shoguns, from the Tokugawa family, who established a “closed door” policy toward European encroachments. |
| Meiji Restoration | The political takeover of Japan in 1868 by a group of young samurai from southern Japan. The samurai eliminated the shogun and claimed they were restoring to power the young emperor, Meiji. |
| Civil Code of 1898 | surveyed many legal systems, including... The writing of the code provoked considerable disagreement among segments of the Japanese legal and commercial communities, largely over how much Japanese custom should be included. |
| Zaibatsu | By the early twentieth century, Japan’s industrialization, organized around a number of large firms |
| Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 | acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the world. |
| Russo-Japanese War | Korea and Manchuria, ended in a Japanese victory, establishing Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia, marked the first time that an Asian country defeated a European power in battle, and it precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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