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Mod. 4
Medical Terminology - Module 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cerebell(o) | - root word - cerebellum |
| cerebr(o) | - root word - cerebrum |
| encephal(o) | - root word - brain |
| kinesi(o) | - root word - movement |
| mening(o) | - root word - meninges |
| meningi(o) | - root word - meninges |
| myel(o) | - root word - spinal cord or bone marrow |
| neur(o) | - root word - nerve |
| thalam(o) | - root word - thalamus |
| ventricul(o) | - root word - ventricles |
| Alzheimer's Disease | - chronic disease characterized by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes - involves progressive loss of memory and eventual deterioration of intellectual functions (speech, apathy, ortientation, and gait) |
| Bell's Palsy | - facial paralysis caused by dysfunction of cranial nerve 7 - usually occurs unilaterally but can occur bilaterally |
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | -a ischemic stroke (damage to the brain tissue as a result of lack of oxygen) - hemorrhagic stroke (by pressure of the brain tissue usually cause by a bleed) |
| Epilepsy | -seizure disorder of the CNS |
| Hydrocephalus | hyperaccumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain |
| Multiple Sclerosis | degenerative autoimmune disease that leads to inflammation/hardening/destructions of myelin through the CNS |
| Parkinson's Disease | - disease that effects the body's ability to coordinate movement - results in decrease of neurotransmitter dopamine (produced in the substantia nigra) |
| Spina Bifida | -congenital defect - incomplete closure of the spinal cord - spinal cord/meninges may or may not protrude |
| Transient Ischemic attack | -temp. interference with blood supply to the brain - effects can last <24 hours |
| Acous(o) | - root word -hearing |
| audi(o) | - root word - hearing |
| blephar(o) | - root word - eyelid |
| conjunctiv(o) | -root word - conjunctiva |
| core(o) | - root word - pupil |
| cor(o) | - root word - pupil |
| corne(o) | - root word - cornea |
| dacry(o) | - root word - tear duct |
| dipl(o) | - root word - double |
| ir(o) | - root word - iris |
| lacrim(o) | - root word - tear |
| ocul(o) | - root word - eye |
| ophthalm(o) | - root word - eye |
| opt(o) | - root word - eye |
| ot(o) | - root word - ear |
| phot(o) | - root word - light |
| presby(o) | - root word - old age |
| pupill(o) | - root word - pupil |
| retin(o) | - root word - retina |
| rhin(o) | - root word - nose |
| typan(o) | - root word - tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
| uve(o) | - root word - Uvea (iris/ciliary body/choroids) |
| cusis | - suffix - hearing |
| opia | - suffix - vision (condition) |
| phonia | - suffix - sound |
| plasty | - suffix - surgical repair/reconstuction |
| astigamatism | - abnormal curvature of the cornea - causes light to focus unevenly on retina resulting in a distorted image |
| cataract | protein buildup on lens that results in cloudiness of vision until it is lost |
| conjunctivitis | - inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by irritation/bacteria - pink eye |
| glaucoma | - increased intraocular pressure - results in atrophy of optic nerve leading to blindness |
| macular degeneration | breakdown of macula resulting in loss of central vision |
| meniere's disease | - rare disorder - in labrynth of inner ear - leads to progressive hearing loss - symptoms include tetinus and vertigo |
| presbycusis | - hearing impairment as a results of old age |
| tinnitus | ringing in ears |
| vertigo | - sensation of spinning/dizziness - results from damage to inner ear |
| Acr(o) | - root word - extremeties |
| Aden(o) | - root word - gland |
| Adrenal(o) | - root word - adrenal gland |
| adren(o) | - root word - adrenal gland |
| calc(o) | - root word - calcium |
| glud(o) | - root word - sugar/glucose |
| glyc(o) | - root word - sugar/glucose |
| gonad(o) | - root word - gonad |
| pancreat(o) | - root word - pancreas |
| parathyroid(o) | - root word - parathyroid |
| thyroid(o) | - root word - thyroid |
| thyr(o) | - root word - thyroid |
| Addison"s disease | - hypofunctioning adrenal cortex - symptoms --hypocglycemia --depletion of large of amounts of salt water --weakness --weight loss |
| cushing's disease | -result of hyperfunctioning adrenal cortex - symptoms: -- obesity -- HTN -- excessive secretions of steroids |
| diabetes mellitus | - lack of insulin secretion - alters body's ability to metabolize blood glucose - those affected leads to possible amputation - increased risk for blindness and stroke |
| what is the primary function of the nervous system | coordinate the body systems to maintain homeostasis |
| 2 classifications of nervous system based on location | - central nervous system - peripheral nervous system |
| 2 classifications of nervous system based on function plus two subclassifications | - somatic nervous system - autonomic nervous system ---- sympathetic nervous system ---- parasympathetic nervous system |
| what composes the central nervous system | the brain and the spinal cord |
| what composes the peripheral nervous system | 12 cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| what is innervated by the autonomic nervous system | - visceral organs - smooth muscle - cardiac muscle |
| what is innervated by the somatic nervous system | - skeletal muscle - reflexes |
| sympathetic | fight or flight |
| parasympathetic | rest and digest |
| the central center for all bodily functions is | the brain |
| the majority of the brain is made up by the __________________ | cerebrum |
| the cerebrum is split in to two _______________________ | hemispheres (right and left) |
| the hemispheres in the cerebrum have ________________________ controls, this means that each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body | contralateral |
| in the cerebrum, the outer surface of the brain is made up of ____________ matter and the inside of the brain is made of ___________________ matter | grey matter; white matter |
| the (grey/white) matter is the command center of the special senses | the GREY MATTER commands the special senses |
| name the four lobes of the cerebrum | 1 -frontal 2- parietal 3 - occipital 4 - temporal |
| functions of the frontal lobe | - judgement - voluntary movements - reasoning - impulse inhibition |
| functions of the parietal lobe | - collects and organizes sensations ---- pain ---- touch ---- movement ----position |
| functions of the occipital lobe | - visual related ---- perception ---- association ---- memory |
| functions of the temporal lobe | - audio/visual memory - language development |
| describe the ventricles of the brain | - center of the cerebrum - spaces (as opposed to white/grey matter) - carry CSF |
| function of the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | - protective barrier |
| why would a practitioner want to withdraw CSF | - relieves pressure - can be tested |
| where is CSF found | - ventricles of the cerebrum |
| another term for "the hindbrain" | cerebellum |
| where can the cerebellum be found | posterior and inferior to the cerebrum |
| what is the function of the cerebellum | - coordinate voluntary movement - maintain balance |
| what is the brain stem | connects the brain to the spinal cord |
| describe the spinal cord | - relay station - extends from the brain stem to the 2nd lumbar vertebrae |
| what is the primary function of the spinal cord | carry impulses from brain to the body |
| name the three meninges layers | 1 - dura mater 2 - arachnoid mater 3 - pia matter |
| what is the function of the meninges | to surround the brain and the spinal cord |
| describe the dura mater | - outer most layer - thick connective tissue - allows for blood flow |
| describe the arachnoid mater | middle meninge layer |
| describe the pia mater | - delicate connective tissue - rich in blood vessel supply |
| describe the subdural space | - the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater - contains blood vessels |
| where do the cranial nerves attach | the brain stem |
| what are the spinal nerves named for | the direction of the impulses |
| describe the subarachnoid space | - between the arachnoid mater and pia mater - contains CSF |
| afferent nerves come from | sensory organs -- skin -- nose -- eyes -- ears |
| efferent nerves | - motor neurons - from CNS to rest of body - produces the response to sensations |
| name the 5 special senses | - sight - sound - smell - taste - touch |
| what is the path that light takes to produce vision | - pupil - lens - retinal - optic nerve - occipital lobe |
| the function of the eyes | - sight - lets light in and transforms it to nerve impulses |
| describe the pupil | - dark center of eye - regulates the amount of light entering into the eye |
| the lens | focuses light to the back of the eye |
| the retina | - transfers incoming light to nerve impulses - on the back of the eye |
| three layers of the inner eye | - outer layer - middle layer - inner layer |
| outer layer structures | - cornea - sclera |
| function of the cornea | - aid lens - light focus |
| sclera | - whites of the eye - protective functions |
| uvea | the middle layer of the inner eye |
| structures of the middle layer | - choroids - ciliary body - iris |
| choroids | - blood vessels - nurishment |
| ciliary body | - muscles - change the shape of the lens - helps the lens focus light |
| iris | - colored portion - around the pupil - light entry regulation |
| name the retinal cells | - cones - rods |
| function of the cones | visual color and sharpness |
| function of the rods | dimly lit situations |
| all structures of the inner eye | - cornea - sclera - choroid - ciliary body - iris - retina |
| structures of the outer eye | - orbital cavity - ocular muscles - eye lids - conjunctival membrane - lacrimal apparatus |
| orbital cavity | - bony depression in skull - contains the eye |
| ocular muscles | - move eye - attaches to sclera |
| eye lids | - protection (light, dust, and trauma) |
| conjunctival membrane | - lines eye lid - protects and lubricates |
| lacrimal apparatus | - drains tears - helps to clean and lubricate eye |
| parts of the ear | - inner - middle -outer |
| outer ear structures | - auricle - tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
| auricle | conducts sound waves |
| tympanic membrane | between middle and outer ear |
| inner ear structures | - ossicle bones - oval window |
| ossicle bones | - malleous - incus - stapes |
| oval window | - separates inner and middle ear |
| inner ear structures | - cochlea ---- organ of Corti |
| the labrynth | inner ear |
| Organ of Corti | - within cochlea - transmits sound waves |
| smell helps | - find food - source of protection - assists with taste |
| olfactory epithelium | - responsible for smell - sensory receptor location |
| olfacory bulb | - transmits impulses |
| taste results from | a mixture of the four (salty, sweet, sour, and bitter) tastes |
| papillae | - taste buds - on tongue - form sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes |
| to taste food, it must first | be dissolved by saliva |
| touch | - from the skin - dependent on ---- hot ---- cold ---- sharp ---- dull ---- pressure changes |
| primary functions | - works with nervous system to maintain homeostasis - regulates chemistry balance - controls metabolism function |
| glands | - release hormones to the blood stream - dictates the functions of major organs from a distance |
| central glands are located | in the brain |
| name the central glands | - pineal gland - pituitary gland - hypothalamus |
| what is the function of the pituitary and hypothalamus | - controls other glands in the endocrine system and works with pituitary |
| what are peripheral glands | -thyroid - parathyroid - adrenals - pancreas |
| pancreas is known to have _________________ because it also plays a role in digestion | mixed function |
| glands that are responsible for growth, salt/water balance reproduction, and metabolism | hypothalamus and pituitary |
| what are tropic hormones | hormones that stimulate other glands to release their own hormones |
| what glands release tropic hormones | hypothalamus (stimulates pituitary) pituitary gland (stimulates thyroid, adrenal, and gonads) |
| name the hormones of the pituitary | - somatotropin (Growth hormone) - thyrotropin (TSH) - adrenocorticotropic hormong (ACTH) - follicular stimulating (FSH) - lutenizing (LH) - prolactin - melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - antidiuretic (ADH) - oxytocin |
| somatotropin | - pituitary gland - human growth hormone - stimulates growth |
| thyrotropin | - pituitary - TSH - stimulates Thyroid to release T3 and T4 |
| adrenocortictropic hormone | - pituitary - stimulates adrenal cortex |
| follicular stimulating hormone | -pituitary gland - men - formation of sperm and release of other hormones - women - maturation of ovum, release of other hormones |
| lutenizing hormone | - pituitary - men - regulates testosterone - women - stimulates ovulation, progesterone |
| prolactin | - pituitary - breast growth during pregnancy - milk production |
| melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) | - pituitary - formation melanocytes - increased pigmentation of skin |
| antidiuretic hormone | - pituitary gland - prevents excess water loss |
| oxytocin | - pituitary - stimulated uterine contractions during labor |
| the thyroid gland | - 2 lobes - stradles the trachea - produces two hormones |
| thyroid hormones names | - thyroxine (T3) - Triiodothyronine (T4) |
| function of thyroid hormone | normal metabolism maintenance |
| the parathyroid gland | - 4 smaller glands - posterior aspect of thyroid |
| the parathyroid produces | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| function of parathyroid hormone | increase blood calcium levels by pulling it from the bones |
| pancreas | - mixed function organ - posterior to the stomach - also used for digestion |
| hormones of the pancreas | - insulin - glucagon |
| insulin | - decrease blood sugar levels - sugar uptake by cells |
| glucagon | - increase blood sugar - stimulates the liver |
| adrenal gland location | sit a top kidneys |
| two parts of the adrenal gland | - adrenal cortex - adrenal medulla |
| hormones of the adrenal cortex | - aldosterone -cortisol - androgens |
| aldosterone | - water, sodium, and potassium balanc |
| cortisol | makes sugar from fat |
| androgens | 2ndary male characteristics (pubic and facial hair) |
| hormones of the adrenal medulla | - norepinephrine (noradrenalin) - epinepherine (adrenalin) |
| primary function of the adrenal medulla and its hormones | - works in conjuction with sympathetic nervous system - responds to crises by: ----- increased HR ----- increased BP ----- change in blood sugar levels ----- changes clotting rate |
| name the gonad organs | - men - testes - women - ovaries |
| functions of the gonad organs | - produce gamets |
| gonadotropin hormones | - estrogen - progesterone - testosterone - human chorionic gonadotropin |
| estrogen | - ovaries (women) - breast growth - menstral cycle |
| progesterone | - ovaries (women) - preparation for pregnancy |
| human chorionic gonadotropin | - by fetus through out pregnancy - women - ensures pregnancy is maintained |
| testosterone | - testes (men) - development of sperm - secondary male characteristics |
| myelomeningocele | herniation of the spinal cord and meninges |
| hydrocephalus | water on the brain |
| encaphaloma | brain tumor |
| cerebrosclerosis | hardening of the brain |
| kinesiology | study of movement |
| ventriculitis | inflammation of ventricles |
| thalamectomy | removal of the thalamus |
| neuropathy | disease of the nerves |
| myelomalacia | softening of the spinal cord |
| encephalomegaly | enlargement of the brain |
| "inflammation of the meninges" | meningitis |
| "hardening of the nerves" | neurosclerosis |
| "abnormal condition of the ventricles" | ventriculosis |
| "brain disease" | encephalopathy |
| "decrease in brain cells" | encephalocytopenia |
| "to withdraw fluid from the ventricles" | ventriculocentesis |
| "enlargement of the thalamus." | thalamomegaly |
| "pertaining to the cerebellum" | cerebellar |
| retinopathy | disease of the retina |
| rhinoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the nose |
| blepharoplegia | paralysis of the eye lid |
| ophthalmoscope | instrument used to examine the eye |
| diplopia | double vision |
| otoscopy | visual examination of the ear |
| tympanotomy | cutting into the tympanic membrane |
| uveosis | abnormal condition of the uvea |
| "impaired vision due to old age" | presbyopia |
| "hardening of the eye | ophthalmosclerosis |
| " eye specialist" | ophthalmologist |
| "discharge from the ear" | otorrhea |
| "pertaining to the cornea" | corneal |
| "inflammation of the tear duct" | dacryitis |
| "fear of or intolerance to light" | photophobia |
| "surgical reconstruction of the eyelid" | blapharoplasty |
| "enlargement of the ear" | otomegaly |
| "paralysis of the iris" | iroplegia |
| thyromegaly | enlarged thyroid gland |
| hypoglycemia | decreased blood sugar |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| glycogenesis | formation of glucose |
| thyroidectomy | surgical removal of the thyroid |
| adrenoma | tumor of the adrenal gland |
| adenotrophy | growth of a gland |
| glucopenia | glucose deficiency |
| hyperthyroidism | excessive functioning of the thyroid gland |
| acromegaly | enlargement of the extremeties |
| "decreased functioning of the thyroid" | hypothyroidism |
| "surgical removal of the gonads" | gonadectomy |
| "enlargement of the adrenal glands" | adrenomegaly |
| "incision of the thyroid gland" | thyroidotomy |
| "excessive blood calcium levels" | hypercalcemia |
| "below the adrenal glands" | subadrenal |
| "dischard or flow of sugar" | glycorrhea |
| "abnormal condition of the parathyroids" | parathyroidosis |
Created by:
kandriot
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