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Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Seven Years War | Britain and France joined battle in North America, the Caribbean, West Africa, and South Asia. |
| American Revolution | Successful rebellion against British rule conducted by the European settlers in the thirteen colonies of British North America, starting in 1776 |
| Declaration of Independence | the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776. |
| Federalist Papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the collective pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. |
| U.S. Constitution | Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, and federalism — was one of the first sustained efforts to put the political ideas of the Enlightenment into practice. |
| Bill of Rights | The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. |
| King Louis XVI | called into session an ancient representative body, the Estates General. |
| Three Estates of France | Clergy, nobility, everyone else |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Charter of political liberties, drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789, that proclaimed the equal rights of all male citizens; the declaration gave expression to the essential outlook of the French Revolution |
| French Revolution | Massive upheaval of French society (1789–1815) that overthrew the monarchy, ended the legal privileges of the nobility, and for a time outlawed the Catholic Church. |
| Terror of 1793-1794 | thousands of political opponents of the revolutionary regime were executed |
| Maximillian Robespierre | a French lawyer and statesman who was one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. |
| Committee of Public Safety | executed tens of thousands of enemies of the revolution until Robespierre was arrested and guillotined. |
| Omlype de Gouges | French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French head of state and general (r. 1799–1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under a military dictatorship and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe. |
| Saint Domingue | later renamed Haiti, which means “mountainous” or “rugged” in the native Taino language |
| gens de couleur libres | Free people of color |
| Grands Blancs | Rich white landowners |
| Petit Blancs | Poor whites |
| Jean-Jacques Dessalines | a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution |
| Haitian Revolution | The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue |
| Latin American Revolutions | Series of risings in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America (1808–1825) that established the independence of new states from European rule retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts of lower classes. |
| Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion | Socially radical peasant rebellion in Mexico (1810) led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos. |
| Tupac Amaru | Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s, claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor. |
| Simon Bolivar | the prominent independence leader of Spanish American independence movement |
| Jose de San Martin | Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central America independence movement |
| Great Jamaica Revolt | Slave rebellion in the British West Indies (1831–1832) inspired by the Haitian Revolution, in which around 60,000 slaves attacked several hundred plantations |
| Abolitionist Movement | An international movement that condemned slavery as morally repugnant and contributed much to ending slavery in the Western world during the nineteenth century |
| American Civil War | a civil war in the United States fought between the Union and the Confederacy. The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into territories acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase |
| Nationalism | The focusing of citizens’ loyalty on the notion that they are part of a “nation” with a unique culture, territory, and common experience, which merits an independent political life |
| Unification of Italy/Germany | gathering their previously fragmented peoples into new states |
| Vindication of the Rights of Women | Written by Mary Wollstonecraft, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness. |
| Elizabeth Candy Stanton | an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-1800s an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-1800s |
| 1st Nation to Grant Women’s Suffrage | New Zealand |
| Maternal Feminism | Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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