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Mod 2: Medical Term
Positional, Directional, Systems Overview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe the anatomical position | - body forward facing - arms are extended and to the sides - palms are forward |
| what position is used to make sense of directional terms. | anatomical position |
| prone | - lying on stomach - face down |
| supine | - laying on back - face up |
| anter(o) | front |
| cephal(o) | toward the head |
| dist(o) | away from the point of origin |
| later(o) | to the side away from the middle |
| super(o) | above |
| ventr(o) | toward the front |
| poser(o) | back |
| caud(o) | towards the tail downward |
| proxim(o) | near/toward the point of origin |
| medi(o) | towards the middle/mid-line |
| infer(o) | below |
| dors(o) | towards the back |
| frontal plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| coronal plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| the ___________________ plane and _______________ plane are the same | coronal and frontal |
| midsagittal plane | divides the body into equal right and left sides. at the mid line |
| sagittal plane | divides the body in right and left sides. is NOT at the center/midline |
| transverse plane | divides the body into superior and inferior (upper and lower) halves |
| cross-sectional | transverse plane |
| list and describe the two layers of skin | a. epidermis is the thinner superficial layer of skin b. the dermis deeper layer composed of connective tissue, blood vessel, nerves, glands, and hair follicles |
| list the four main functions of the integument | a. thermoregulation b. vitamin D production c. protection d. wound healing |
| list and describe the three types of neurons found in the nervous system | a. sensory - receive information from sensory receptors throughout body. b. interneurons - transfer and interpret the messages recieved by the sensory neurons c. motor - send messages to appropriate glands and muscles |
| the ______________ and the ______________ are responsible in regulating growth, salt and water balance, reproduction, and metabolism | hypothalamus and pituitary |
| list the four organs and muscles of the respiratory system | lungs alveoli intercostal muscles diaphragm |
| integumentary system includes: | - skin - hair - nails - glands |
| body's largest organ is | skin |
| the two layers of the integumentary system | - epidermis - dermis |
| this layer of the integumentary system is thinner and superficial | epidermis |
| describe the dermis | - deeper - connective tissue - blood vessels - nerves - glands - hair follicles |
| what is the function of hair | - protects the skin - senses light touch |
| what is the function of nails | - help with grasp - fine motor actions |
| what are the functions of glands in the skin | thermoregulation |
| how does the skin perform thermoregulation | sweat evaporates and regulates blood flow |
| how does the skin produce vitamin d | precursor to vitamin D and when exposed to UV rays vitamin D is created |
| how does the skin protect | it creates a physical barrier |
| how does skin play a role in wound healing | granulation ( the epidermis and dermis form new tissue) |
| name the four types of bones | - long bones - short bone - flat bone - irregular |
| femur is an example of what type of bone | long bone |
| ______________ bones are cubed shaped and can be located in the wrist or the ankle | short bones |
| what are flat bones mostly used for | protection (like the skull or scapula) |
| what are irregular bones used for | vertebrae, for a style of attachement |
| the axial skeleton includes | - skull -thorax - spine - pelvis |
| the appendecular skeleton includes | the upper and lower extremeties |
| what are the function of bones (there are three) | - protection - Calcium storage / release - red and white blood cell production |
| what are some functions of calcium in the human body | - bone development - plays a role in blood clotting - plays a role in nuscle and nurve activity |
| blood cell production | - within the bone marrow - platelets formed as well |
| tendons and ligaments are both made out of _______________________ tissue | fibrous tissue |
| ____________________ connects bone to bone; while ____________________ connects muscle to bone | ligaments; tendons |
| MCL is a | ligament (Medial collateral ligament) |
| achilles is a | tendon |
| where does the achilles attach | calcaneous bone and plantarflexor muscles (the calf muscle) |
| list the three types of muscle | - striated - smooth - cardiac |
| characteristics of striated muscle | - skeletal muscle - voluntary control - movement is generated through muscles acting on bones and joints |
| characteristics of smooth muscle | - non-striated - involuntary - controlled by the CNS or hormones - form the walls of the stomach, bladder, or blood vessels |
| characteristics of cardiac muscle | - involuntary - striated exclusively in the heart |
| muscles are named based on | - location (tibialis anterior) - size - number of insertions |
| major | larger |
| maximus | larger |
| minor | smaller |
| minimus | smaller |
| other roles of muscles play in the human body | they play a significant role in BP and thermoregulation |
| sensory neurons | - receive information |
| interneurons | transfer and interpret sensory information |
| motor neurons | send messages to muscles and glands |
| two ways to classify neurons | - location - function |
| classifications of neurons by location | Central Nervous System peripheral Nervous System |
| classification of neurons by function | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system |
| the central nervous system includes what major structures | brain spinal cord |
| the peripheral nervous system includes what major structures | sensory and motor neurons |
| what is the somatic nervous system | the nervous system that innervates voluntary skeletal muscles and reflexes |
| name the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system |
| what does the autonomic nervous system control | visceral and cardiac muscle, involuntary |
| fight or flight | sympathetic nervous system |
| rest and digest | parasympathetic nervous system |
| function of the sympathetic nervous system | - increases energy expenditure - prepare the body for increased activity |
| function of the autonomic nervous system | - restore energy - heart and respiratory rate slows |
| the endocrine system works in conjuction with which other system | nervous system |
| what is the purpose of the endocrine system | to maintain chemical balance in the human body, and control metabolism |
| this systems releases hormones from glands and they travel through the blood stream | the endocrine system |
| what is the function of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus | they control salt and water balances, growth, reproduction, and metabolism |
| what is the function of the thyroid | metabolism rates |
| what is the function of the parathyroid glands | to move calcium ions from the bone to the blood stream |
| what is the function of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) | maintain electrolyte levels |
| what is the function of the adrenal medulla | to release neurotransmitters and aid the sympathetic nervous system |
| what is the function of the pineal gland | release melatonin which helps regulate sleep cycles/pattern |
| what is the endocrine function of the panceras | release insulin, which helps with cells uptake blood sugar |
| what happens with diabetes | the pancreas cells are not functioning properly or they are compromised in some way. |
| the circulation of fluids in the body include what two systems | cardiovascular and lymphatic system |
| this system helps to ward off disease and other infectsion | the lymphatic system |
| what does the circulatory system transport | - supplies tissue with oxygen and nutrients - eliminates wastes - protects against invaders |
| what is the main organ of the circulatory system | the heart |
| the heart had how many chambers | four |
| how are the chambers of the heart labeled | right and left sides; atria (top) and ventricles (bottom) |
| what is the function of the heart | pump oxygenated blood |
| these vessels carry blood away from the heart | arteries |
| these vessels carry blood back to the heart, as well as waste and carbon dioxide | veins |
| what is the myocardium | heart muscle |
| the myocardium is innervated by which division of the nervous system | autonomic division |
| what is the function of the thymus gland | produce lymphocytes |
| what do lymphocytes do | fight disease cells and circulate with the blood |
| what are the function of lymph nodes | functions as a filtration system, where it traps toxic/infectious substances |
| lymph nodes are found throughout the body, but there are specific locations where they have high concentrations. name these locations | - axillary - cervical - inguinal |
| what is the function of the lymphatic system | filter bacteria from the body |
| name the organs of the lymphatic system | - thymus gland - lymph node - spleen - tonsils |
| the respiratory system works in conjunction with the _________________________ system | circulatory |
| what is the main function of the respiratory system | rid the body of carbon dioxide |
| define ventilation | breathing |
| gas exchange occurs in the | alveoli cells which are in the lungs |
| what is the diaphragm | - muscle - large dome shaped - separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity |
| inspiration | - diaphragm contracts down - the intercostal contract expanding the rib cage - air pressure in lung decreases - air moves in |
| expiration | - diaphragm relaxes and moves up - rib cage shrinks - air pressure increases in the lungs - air moves out |
| three functions of the gastrointestinal system | - digestion - absorption of nutrients - transfer of waste materials to be eliminated |
| alimentary system | gastrointestinal system |
| digestive system | gastrointestinal system |
| how does the gastrointestinal system digest food | paristalsis, it moves waste through the digestive tract |
| how does the gastrointestinal system absorb nutrients | nutrients enter the blood stream via the walls of the small intestine |
| where in the GI system does the transfer of waste materials occur | large intestines |
| name some accessory GI organs | - teeth - salivary glands - liver - gall bladder - pancreas |
| what is the function of teeth | the mechanical breakdown of food |
| what is the function of salivary glands | to produce saliva and begin process of breakdown |
| what is the function of the liver | secretion of bile, metabolizes protein, fats, and carbohydrates |
| what is the function of the gall bladder | stores bile ( from the liver) and regulations bile for digestion |
| what is the function of the pancreas | produce enzymes necessary for digestion |
| what is the path that food takes when it moves through out the body | - mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine |
| what occurs in the stomach | -initial stages of digestion - gastric enzymes are released |
| what is the function of the small intestine | -further digestion - nutrient absorbtion |
| what is the function of the large intestine | - food becomes a solid waste - exits the body via the rectum |
| what is the function of the urinary tract system | to remove urine from the body |
| what is urine | liquid waste |
| how is urine collected | it is filtered from the blood and collected by the tubules of the kidneys |
| what is the path that urine takes after filtration | - tubules in the kidneys - down ureters - to the urinary bladder - through the urethra to exit the body |
| what is urination | - under voluntary control - from the bladder to the urethra |
| the collection of urine in the tubules of the kidneys is under the control of which nervous system | autonomic nervous system |
| the act of urination is under control of which division of the nervous system | somatic nervous system |
| urine is filtered from the ________________ | blood |
| what is the main function of the kidneys (other than urine filtration) | - maintain homeostasis |
| how do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis | - correct salt/water imbalances - work with liver and adrenal glands to maintain sodium and potassium levels |
| keeping sodium and potassium levels in balance helps with blood _______________ which indirectly effects blood ____________________ | blood VOLUME; blood PRESSURE |
| in females, estrogen and progesterone are produced in | the ovaries |
| the location of egg fertilization is in the | fallopian tubes |
| the function of the uterus | allows the fertilized egg to grow to become an embryo and fetus |
| the female body prepares for pregnancy on a ____________________ basis | monthly |
| what happens if the released egg is not fertilized | the uterine lining sheds and is expelled from the body (menstration) |
| what glands are located in the breasts | mammary glands |
| what is the function of the breasts postpartem | - milk production - release of hormones |
| the testes house the _______________ | scrotum |
| where is testosterone and sperm produced | the testes/scrotum |
| what is the path of ejaculation | - scrotum - vas deferens - seminal vesicles - prostate -urethra (the penis) |
Created by:
kandriot
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