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Phlebotomy Chap 6
Chapter 6 CNM Circulatory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Heart | A major structure of the circulatory system, it circulates blood throughout the body |
| The blood flow | Refer to diagram that has a representation of the vascular flow |
| Heart Structure | Layers of the heart (Epicardium,, Myocardium, Endocardium); Heart chambers (Atria- upper chambers & Ventricles - lower chambers; Valves (Atrioventricular valves entrance to the ventricles), Coronary arteries. |
| Epicardium | Thin outer layer |
| Myocardium | Middle muscle layer |
| Endocardium | Inner layer lining the circulatory system |
| Heart Chamber Right Atrium | Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the superior and inferior vena cava |
| Heart Chamber Right Ventricle | Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps to the lungs through the pulmonary artery |
| Heart Chamber Left Atrium | Recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein |
| Heart Chamber Left Ventricle | Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps to the aorta |
| Atrioventricular valves entrance to the ventricles | Tricuspid and Bicuspid or Mitral |
| Coronary arteries | Branch of the aorta to feed the heart; Right and left coronary arteries |
| Heart Function | Cardiac Cycle; Electrical conduction system; Origin of the heart beat;Heart rate and cardiac output; Pulse; Blood pressure |
| Cardiac Cycle | Systole - Contracting phase (120 mm Hg); Diastole - Relaxing Phase (80 mm Hg) |
| Systole | Contracting phase (120 mm Hg) |
| Diastole | Relaxing Phase (80 mm Hg) |
| Electrical Conduction System | SA node or pacemaker, AV node, AV bundle Purkinje fibers |
| SA node or pacemaker | Initiating impulse |
| AV node | Picks up the impulse |
| AV bundle | Relays impulse |
| Purkinje Fibers | Relays impulse throughout the ventricular muscle |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | Actual record of the electrical currents corresponding to each event in heart muscle contraction; recording called ECG tracing; Useful in diagnosing heart muscle damage |
| ECG | P wave (atrial depolarization),QRS wave Ventricular depolarization,T wave Ventricular Repolarization |
| Origin of the heart beat | Origin of the heart beat "Lubb", "Dupp" and Murmurs. |
| "Lubb" | AV valves closing (bicuspid and tricuspid) |
| "Dupp" | Semilunar valves closing (pulmonary & aortic) |
| Murmurs | Faulty valves action |
| Heart Rate and Cardiac Output | Number of heartbeats/minute; Normal = 72/minute; Volume/1 minute = 5 liters cardiac output |
| Pulse | Easily felt by compressing radial artery; Rate same as heart rate normally |
| Blood Pressure | Measure of force exerted by blood on walls of vessels; Measure in a large artery by use of a sphygmomanometer |
| Heart Disorders | Angina Pecotoris; Aortic Stenosis; Bacterial endocarditis, Congestive heart failure, Myocardial infarction (MI); Pericarditis |
| Heart Dianostic Test | ABG's, Enzymes (AST, CK, CK-MB isoenzymes, LD isoenzyme), Digoxin, ECG, Microbial cultures, Myoglobin, Potassium, Triglycerides, Troponin T |
| Define the Vascular System | A closed system by which blood is circulated to all parts of the body |
| What are the two division of circulation and its structures of the Vascular System. | The two division are Pulmonary & Systemic; The two structures are heart and blood vessesls |
| Pulmonary | Carries blood from the heart to the lungs and reoxygenates the blood |
| Systemic | Carries oxygenated blood along with nutrients to all cells of the body |
| Blood vessels | Arteries, Veins, Capillaries |
| Blood vessel structure and Lumen | Layers; Valves |
| Blood vessel-Arteries | Carry blood away from the heart to the body; Under pressure from ventricular contractions; Pulse distinguishes arteries from veins when felt; Do not have valves |
| Blood vessel-Veins | Return Blood to the heart; Walls are thinner and can callapse; Have valves which assist in the return of the blood to the heart (see picture slide 21) |
| Blood vessel-Capillaries | Microscopic (one cell thick), Connect veins & arteries, Blood is mixture of venous and arterial blood, Thin wall allows the exchange of oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste. |
| Vascular anatomy of the ARM. Major veins in the antecubital fossa | Medial cubital vein (first choice, well anchored), Cephalic vein (Second choice, fairly well anchored), Basillic vein (Third choice, more painful, above brachial and next to median cubital nerve) |
| Arteries Subject to Puncture | Arterial Puncture, Radial, Brachial, Femoral |
| Arterial Puncture | More painful and hazardous, Requires special training to perform |
| Radial Puncture | wrist area |
| Brachial | Antecubital fossa, Cutaneous nerve lies along same path |
| Femoral | Groin area |
| Vascular System Disorders | Aneurysm, Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Embolism, Hemmorrhoids, Phlebitis, Thrombophlebitis, Varicose veins |
| Diagnostic Tests | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation screen (DIC), Cholesterol (CHOL), Prothrombin (PT), Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), Triglycerides (TRIG), CBC, Platelet Count ( PLT CT) |
| The Blood | Referred to as "the river of life," it flows throughout the circulatory system delivering nutrients and oxygen and transport waste products from the cells. |
| Blood composition | Plasma, Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leukocytes (whitle blood cells) |
| Plasma | The liquid portion of the blood that has not clotted; 90% H2O and 10% dissolved substances (Albumin, Abs, fibrinogen)(Nutrients include CHO and Fat) (Minerals include Na, K, Ca) (Gases include O2 and CO2) (Other subtances such as vitamins, hormones, urea. |
| Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) | Life span = 120 days; Anuclear, biconcave disks, intravascular function |
| Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) | Formed in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue; Extravascular function; Only hours in bloodstream, much longer in tissues; Two types of leukocytes (Granulocytes and Agranulocytes) |
| Leukocytes - Granulocytes | Neutrophils (Both red and blue granules not very darkly stained), Eosinophils(Dark red granules), Basophils (Dark purple graBloodnules) |
| Leukocytes - Agranulocytes | Monocytes and Lymhocytes |
| Thromboyctes - Platelets | Essential to coagulation; Life span = 10 days |
| Blood Disorders | Anemia, Leukemia, Leukocytosis, Leukopenia,Polycythemia, Thrombocytosis, Thrombocytopenia |
| Blood Type | Inherited and determined by antigen on RBC; Antibody formed by reaction to the opposite blood-type antigen; Transfusion reaction due to transfusion error (Agglutination, Lysis) |
| ABO Blood Group System | A, B, AB, O |
| A Blood Type: What is the RBC Antigen and Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins) | RBC Antigen = A; Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins)= Anti-B |
| B Blood Type; What is the RBC Antigen and Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins) | RBC Antigen = B; Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins) = Anti-A |
| AB Blood Type; What is the RBC Antigen and Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins) | RBC Antigen = AB; Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins)= Neither Anti-A ot Anti-B |
| O Blood Type; What is the RBC Antigen and Plasma Antibodies (Agglutinins) |
Created by:
alwayslearning
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