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NHExam4
Diet & Health: CVD
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List 5 risk factors for heart disease | – Family history – Age –Gender – Smoking – Physical inactivity |
| List 4 risk factors affected by atherogenic diet | – hyperlipidemia – obesity – hypertension – diabetes |
| Blood Lipid Guidelines: total blood cholesterol | • Desirable (Healthy) less than 200 mg/dL • Borderline high 200-239 mg/dL • High (Unhealthy) 240 mg/dL and above |
| Blood Lipid Guidelines: LDL | • Optimal less than 100 mg/dL • Near optimal 100-129 mg/dL • Borderline high 130-159 mg/dL • High 160 mg/dL and above |
| Blood Lipid Guidelines: HDL | • Unhealthy less than 40 mg/dL • High (Healthy) greater than 60 mg/dL |
| Blood Lipid Guidelines: total:HDL ratio | – Desirable 3:1 – Increased risk 5:1 |
| Blood Lipid Guidelines: triglycerides | • Unhealthy 200-499 mg/dL • Borderline 150-199 mg/dL • Healthy <150 |
| CVD involves the process of inflammation | CVD involves the process of inflammation |
| Effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on Dietary Cholesterol: | increases total blood cholesterol and LDL in most individuals |
| Effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on Saturated fat: | increases total cholesterol and LDL in all individuals |
| Effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on Trans fatty acids | : are as harmful as saturated fat |
| Effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on Polyunsaturated fat: | decreases total cholesterol, LDL |
| Effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on Monounsaturated fat: | decreases total cholesterol, LDL |
| Effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on Excessive simple CHO intake: | decreases HDL and increases triglycerides |
| Reducing CVD Specific Dietary Recommendations: Energy | energy balance of if needed weight reduction |
| Reducing CVD Specific Dietary Recommendations: Fats | – Saturated fat: follow Dietary Guidelines – reduce further to <5-6% of total kilocalories if elevated LDL cholesterol or diabetes present – Cholesterol: <200 mg if elevated LDL or diabetes present – Trans fat: as low as possible |
| Reducing CVD Specific Dietary Recommendations: Dietary Patterns | – include soluble fiber – replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats – follow MyPlate recommendation for fish (preferably fatty fish) |
| Reducing CVD Specific Dietary Recommendations: Sodium | follow Dietary Guidelines |
| Reducing CVD Specific Dietary Recommendations: Alcohol | use moderation |
| When is Drug Therapy recommended for CVD? | only after an adequate trial of diet (taking 6 weeks to 6 months for a response). Diet modifications should be continued in conjunction with cholesterol-lowering drugs |
| Hypertension Guidelines | • Normal blood pressure: <120 mmHg AND <80 mmHg • Elevated blood pressure: 120-129 mmHg AND<80 mmHg • High blood pressure Stage 1: 130-139 mmHg OR 80-89 mmHg • High blood pressure Stage 2: ≥140 mmHg OR ≥90 mmHg |
| Risk factors for hypertension | – Smoking – Obesity – Sedentary lifestyle – Genetics – Age – Poor diet |
| Interventions for hypertension | – Regular physical activity – Weight loss – Limit alcohol intake – Stop smoking – Adequate intake of calcium, potassium and magnesium (can be Achieved with DASH Eating Plan) |
| What is the DASH Eating Plan | – Rich in lowfat dairy products (2-3 servings per day) – High in fruits and vegetables (8-10 servings/day) – Low in saturated fat and cholesterol (Use vegetarian protein sources 4-5 times/week such as Beans, nuts, seeds) |
| What is DASH Sodium | – Same as DASH but with 1500 mg sodium – More effective at lowering blood pressure – More difficult to follow |
| Diabetes Diagnosis | Fasting plasma glucose: ≥126 mg/dL or A1C ≥ 6.5% |
| Type I, Type II, Pre, GDM Diabetes | -I- produce little or no insulin (autoimmune disease) -II- high insulin levels; insulin resistance -Pre- higher than normal fasting blood sugar but not high enough to diagnose diabetes (100-125) -Gestational- diabetes during pregnancy |
| Prevention of Diabetes, lifestyle | Diabetes Prevention Program (Compared intensive lifestyle program with medication) Intensive lifestyle program (7% weight loss, Low calorie, low fat, high fiber diet, 150 min physical activity per week, *58% reduction in development) |
| Prevention of Diabetes, medication | Medication group (Metformin, 31% reduction in risk) |
| Symptoms of Diabetes | • Frequent urination (high BG->h2o-> into blood • ^ thirst (Frequent urination) •^ eating (little or no glucose reach cells) • Fatigue (^ blood glucose) • W8 loss (cells break down P and F forE bc glucose not entering. Seen more in Type 1 D) |
| macrovascular complications from diabetes | • Heart disease • Amputations (poor wound healing) |
| microvascular complications from diabetes | • Blindness • Kidney disease |
| Diabetes Treatment | – Diet – Exercise – Self-monitoring – Medications |
| What is metabolic syndrome | ^ risk for heart disease Cluster of risk factors (any 3 of the following) – Central obesity (based on waist circumference) – High triglycerides (>150 mg/dl) – Low HDL (<40 mg/dl) – Prediabetes – Hypertension |
Created by:
kellyyrosse
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