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NHExam4
Energy Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compare the obesity rates of 1990, 2000, and 2010 | Obesity 1990: 0-14% Obesity 2000: 10-24% Obesity 2010: 20-30+% |
| In 2018, the two states with the highest obesity levels were... include prevalence estimates | Mississippi and West Virginia, both 39.5% |
| In 2018, the two states with the lowest obesity levels were... include prevalence estimates | Colorado (23.0), D.C. (24.7), and Hawaii (24.9) |
| What is the trend describing how Americans are growing? | There is a slight increase in height and great increase in body weight. |
| What is the trend describing causes of death in 2000? | Smoking (435,000), but declining Poor diet and physical inactivity (15% or 365k deaths), but increasing by 33% |
| What %body fat is considered obese for men and women? | Men: >22%, 25% if over age 40 Women: >32%, 35% if over 40 |
| What are challenges of measuring body composition? | different methods, different levels of accuracy and precision, accessibility, etc |
| What 3 methods are used to evaluate risk of body fatness? | BMI, waist circumference, disease risk profile |
| What is BMI? How do you calculate? | BMI describes relative weight for height kg calculation: weight(kg)/height(m^2) lb calculation [weight(lb)*703]/height(in^2) |
| What are limitations to BMI? | it is not a direct measure of body composition and fails to show location of excess fat. |
| BMI categories | underweight: <18.5 normal: 18.5-24.9 overwight; 25-29.9 obese: >29.9 |
| How does BMI relate to mortality risk? | see image med mort w low BMI very low mort w normal bmI high mort w high BMI |
| How does measuring waist circumference relate to evaluating body fatness? | measures central obesity, which cause pro-inflammatory processes, increase insulin resistance |
| Waist measurements determining obesity | Women: 88cm, 35in Men: 102cm, 40in |
| What are the diseases associated with obesity? (comorbid conditions) | Prediabetes and Type II Diabetes, Hypertension, Heart disease (dyslipidemia), Certain types of cancer |
| Why treat obesity? | -comorbid conditions made worse :. quality of life decreases -small and achievable weight loss can have major effect on health -decrease social cost with adequate prevention and treatment |
| Etiological factors of obesity | -Heredity and Environment (40% genetics, 60% environment) -Gene and Environment Interaction -Multiple factors influence obesity (work, lifestyle, social, etc) |
| How do the obesity factors genetics and environment change over time? | genetics estimate (40%) does change much over time. environment estimate (60%) changes in trends |
| What established Estimated Energy Requirements. What is EER based on? | Est by Dietary Reference Intake Committee. Based on gender, age, PA, height, and weight. |
| What make up Estimated Energy Expenditure | BMR (50-65%) Thermic Effect of Food (5-10%) PA (25-50%) |
| What is the key to weight loss? | Energy deficit. 3500kcal in 1lb. Recommended 1-2lbs/week. |
| What are three lifestyle strategies for successful weight loss? | 1. Eating habits 2. Physical activity 3. Behavior modification |
| Describe the lifestyle strategies Eating Habits | Goal should be to target specific eating behaviors with nutritious diet such as -eat regularly -increase fiber -consume consistent meals -low E dense foods/high nutrient dense |
| Describe the lifestyle strategies Physical Activity | Exercise improves overall fitness and changes occur regardless of weight loss. Changes: improves CV function, dyslipidemia, HDL levels, and lowers BP and mortality rate |
| Describe the lifestyle strategies Behavior Modification | Gradual, sensible and permanent changes, focusing on non-weight outcomes, building social support |
| How can you alter your environment to promote healthy eating | Factors of eating environment: effort, company, distraction, atmosphere Factors of food environment: salience, variety, container size, stockpiling, service ware |
| What is Self Monitoring? | a means to identify behaviors to change. Behaviors can involve food, activity, mood (emotions affecting food and activiyu) |
| What are 6 health benefits of weight loss? | • Decreased cardiovascular risk • Decreased glucose and insulin levels • Decreased blood pressure • Decreased LDL and triglycerides, increased HDL • Decrease in severity of sleep apnea • Reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease |
| What is weight maintenance? | goal weight in treatment of obesity. 5-10% weight loss that can be maintained for 6 months. |
| How do you treat obesity? | multi level approach (individual, interpersonal, community, policy). Essential: eating habits. PA, behavior modification, social and environmental support. |
| What are current community and policy initiatives for treating obesity? | New food label, calorie information at restaurants, consumer education programs. |
Created by:
kellyyrosse
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