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Chapter 7.2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Siege of Vienna | the last Ottoman incursion into the Austrian Empire is pushed back with French and Polish help, marking the end of a serious Muslim threat to Christian Europe. |
| Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; challenge to church authority and its endorsement of salvation by faith alone, to express a variety of political, economic, and social tensions. |
| Martin Luther | German priest that started Protestant Reformation. |
| Indulgences | a grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages. |
| Huguenots | French society was torn by violence between Catholics and the Protestant minority |
| Thirty-Year War | Catholic-Protestant struggle (1618–1648) that was the culmination of European religious conflict, brought to an end by the Peace of Westphalia and an agreement that each state was sovereign, |
| Counter Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century stimulated in part by the Protestant Reformation; at the Council of Trent (1545–1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, |
| Council of Trent | Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines, sacraments, and practices, which Protestants had rejected. |
| Society of Jesus | also known as the Jesuits, is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. |
| Taki Onqoy | Dancing sickness, religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans and the restoration of an imagined Andean golden age. |
| Huacas | Local gods in Peru |
| Cofradias | church-based associations of laypeople, organized community processions and festivals and made provisions for proper funerals and burials for their members. |
| Fiscal | leader of the church staff, was a native Christian of great local prestige who carried on the traditions and role of earlier religious specialists. |
| Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries from 1550 to 1800 who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, sought to understand and become integrated into Chinese culture as part of their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success. |
| Matteo Ricci | famous missionary of Jesuits. |
| Emperor Kangxi | (1611-1722)wielded absolute power and enjoyed divine blessing; he employed an army of civil servants to govern his dominions; he possessed authority over a vast domain stretching from the eastern coastline to Outer Mongolia and Tibet |
| Scientific Revolution | The intellectual and cultural transformation that shaped a new conception of the material world between the mid-sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries in Europe; |
| Corporation | a collective group of people that was treated as a unit, a legal person, with certain rights to regulate and control its own members. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue in 1543 for the existence of a sun-centered, helping to spark the Scientific Revolution. |
| Johannes Kepler | a German mathematician, showed that the planets followed elliptical orbits, undermining the ancient belief that they moved in perfect circles. |
| Galileo Galilei | An Italian scientist who developed an improved telescope in 1609, with which he made many observations that undermined established understandings of the cosmos. |
| Sir Issac Newton | English scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution. |
| Rene Descartes | French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra. |
| Margaret Cavendish | joined in conversations with a circle of “natural philosophers,” wrote six scientific texts, and was the only seventeenth-century Englishwoman to attend a session of the Royal Society of London, created to foster scientific learning. |
| Adam Smith | observed that British colonists were “republican in their manners … and their government” well before their independence from England.3 |
| European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. |
| John Locke | argued, the “social contract” between ruler and ruled should last only as long as it served the people well. |
| Voltaire | The pen name of François-Marie Arouet (1694–1778), a French writer whose work is often taken as a model of the Enlightenment’s outlook; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion. |
| Pantheists | believed that God and nature were identical |
| Marquis de Condorcet | The Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794) was a French philosopher who argued that society was moving into an era of near-infinite improvability and could be perfected by human reason. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | directly confronted Rousseau’s view of women and their education: “What nonsense! … Til women are more rationally educated, the progress of human virtue and improvement in knowledge must receive continual checks.” |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | described women as fundamentally different from and inferior to men and urged that “the whole education of women ought to be relative to men.” |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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