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Chapter 5.2

TermDefinition
Hernán Cortés
Tenochititlán Capital city of the Mexica, center of Triple Alliance.
Great Dying Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.
Little Ice Age A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere.
General Crisis The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars.
Columbian Exchange The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
Mercantilism The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism.
Encomienda A forced labor system not far removed from slavery.
Hacienda The private owners of large estates directly employed native workers.
Peon A Spanish American day laborer or unskilled farm worker.
Creole a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean
Peninsulares Spaniards born in Spain.
Mestizo A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women.
Castas Separate groups of mixed-race people in Mexico (castes).
Mulattoes Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.
Settler Colonies Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America.
Created by: Zining Cheng
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