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Chapter 5.2
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Hernán Cortés | |
Tenochititlán | Capital city of the Mexica, center of Triple Alliance. |
Great Dying | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died. |
Little Ice Age | A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere. |
General Crisis | The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars. |
Columbian Exchange | The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas. |
Mercantilism | The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism. |
Encomienda | A forced labor system not far removed from slavery. |
Hacienda | The private owners of large estates directly employed native workers. |
Peon | A Spanish American day laborer or unskilled farm worker. |
Creole | a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean |
Peninsulares | Spaniards born in Spain. |
Mestizo | A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women. |
Castas | Separate groups of mixed-race people in Mexico (castes). |
Mulattoes | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood. |
Settler Colonies | Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America. |