Capital city of the Mexica, center of Triple Alliance.

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.

A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere.

The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars.

The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism.

A forced labor system not far removed from slavery.

The private owners of large estates directly employed native workers.

A Spanish American day laborer or unskilled farm worker.

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean

A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women.

Separate groups of mixed-race people in Mexico (castes).

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America.

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Chapter 5.2

Term	Definition
Hernán Cortés
Tenochititlán	Capital city of the Mexica, center of Triple Alliance.
Great Dying	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.
Little Ice Age	A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere.
General Crisis	The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars.
Columbian Exchange	The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
Mercantilism	The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism.
Encomienda	A forced labor system not far removed from slavery.
Hacienda	The private owners of large estates directly employed native workers.
Peon	A Spanish American day laborer or unskilled farm worker.
Creole	a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean
Peninsulares	Spaniards born in Spain.
Mestizo	A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women.
Castas	Separate groups of mixed-race people in Mexico (castes).
Mulattoes	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.
Settler Colonies	Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America.

Created by: Zining Cheng

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