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Chapter 24
Age of Revolutions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION | introduction of machines into farming |
| Crop rotation | Planting different types of things in order to preserve the soil |
| Seed drill | machine that pants seeds on rows |
| the reaper | machine that cuts wheat in rows |
| New breeds | animals being bred for later needs |
| Enclosure Acts | Laws that closed off open fields and provided more land for farming |
| Small farmers | forced out because of high taxes |
| Subsistence farms | small family farms |
| Commercial Farms | Large farms |
| INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | introduction of factory system |
| Where did the Industrial rev start? | England |
| Why England? | natural resources trade stable and supportive political structure educated middle class labor in farms decreased and a large population looking for work |
| Domestic System | proto-industrialization; making of goods in ones home |
| Flying Shuttle | increased width a person could weave |
| Spinning Jenny | Could spin the work of eight men |
| Steam engine | heat engine |
| Steam Locomotive | Train using coal |
| Conditions of Industrial Rev | 1. Poverty 2. High crime 3. Fierce competition for jobs 4. Long hours, low pay 5. poor wealth conditions |
| Political Effects of Industrial Rev | 1. Government was involved 2. Monarchs were questioned 3. Militarism- Building of armies |
| Economic Effects of Industrial Rev | 1. Growth in big businesses 2. Corporations- Businesses with large numbers of investors 3. Stock- Certificate of some ownership in business 4. Capitalism- when priv owners decide was is produced 5. Growth of unions |
| Militarism | Building of armies' |
| Corporation | Businesses with large numbers of investors |
| Stock | Certificate of partial ownership in business |
| Capitalism | When private owners decide what is produced |
| Unions | Organizations who fight for their rights |
| Strike | Refusal to work |
| Social Effect of Industrial Revolution | 1. Better transportation and communication 2. Middle class moved out 3. Family changed 4. Middle class women stayed at home 5. Children were educated 6. Population growth rate declined Machines replaced children 7. No longer tons of farmers |
| Higher Standard of living | 1. 2/3 of Europe lived above subsistence level 2, cheaper and better goods 3. medicine 4. international organizations like red cross |
| Subsistence level | only enough to survive |
| Changes in attitude b/c of Industrial Rev | 1. lots of pollution 2. Abolition 3. migration 4. socialism |
| Abolition | freeing of slaves through law |
| Migration | movement of people; prompted racism |
| Socialism | idea of everyone sharing everything |
| Luddites | Workers who fought against industrialization |
| ENLIGHTENMENT | Age of Reason; caused wars and scientific revolution |
| Nature was regulated by law | Man is a part of nature |
| Philosophes | writers of the Enlightenment |
| Beliefs of philosophers | 1. religious toleration 2. freedom of speech and press 3. encouraged education 4. slavery denounced |
| John Locke | life, liberty and property; natural rights |
| Beccaria | Education prevented crime |
| Montesquieu | 3 branches of government |
| Voltaire | Freedom of speech and religion |
| Rousseau | Supported education; popular sovereignty |
| Wollstonecraft | equality among men and women in education |
| Smith | Laissez faire; hands off capitalism |
| Thomas Hobbes | People needed absolutism |
| Radical | Looks to the future, willing to use violence |
| Liberal | Looks to the future, does through laws |
| Moderate | willing to compromise |
| Conservative | people to understand the status quo, looks back on "good old days" |
| Reactionary | Want things the way they used to be and willing to use violence |
| AMERICAN REVOLUTION | Caused by Enlightenment ideas |
| Taxes in American Rev | No taxation without representation |
| 1763 Proclamation | Restricted westward movement |
| Stamp Act | Tax on paper goods |
| The Townen Acts | Glass, white lead and tea |
| Tea Act | Tax on tea |
| FRENCH REVOLUTION | Caused by Enlightenment ideas and American Revolution |
| Enlightenment in French Rev | Challenged the ideology of the Catholic Church and Monarchy |
| Ridged social structure in France | 1st Clergy 2nd Aristocracy 3rd Everyone else |
| Taille | Head tax |
| Tithe | Tax that goes to Catholic Church |
| Louis XVI | Inefficient, lost many wars |
| Frances financial situation | Left in debt from American Revolution |
| Beginning of French Rev | 1st Louis XVI called estates general, kicked 3rd estate out, third estate began writing declaration of the rights of man and citizen |
Created by:
regangreen
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