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Chapter 5, 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Russian Empire | A Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule in 1480; by 1800, it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe. |
| Siberia | Conquered by Russians, Siberia paid yasak with furs they compelled to produce. |
| Soft Gold | Fur-bearing animals’ pelts in great demand on the world market as the world cooled during the Little Ice Age. |
| Yasak | Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs. |
| Cossacks | Bands of fiercely independent warriors consisting of peasants who had escaped serfdom as well as criminals and other adventurers. |
| Peter the Great | The ruler of Russia that brought vast administrative changes, the enlargement and modernization of Russian military forces, a new educational system for the sons of noblemen, and dozens of manufacturing enterprises.. Pushed westernization. |
| Catherine the Great | Empress that religious tolerance for Muslims in the late eighteenth century and created a state agency to oversee Muslim affairs. |
| Qing Dynasty | Manchu dynasty (1644-1912) that ruled China with its foreign and nomadic origin of Manchuria at the north of the Great Wall, maintained their ethnic distinctiveness by forbidding intermarriage between themselves and the Chinese. |
| Qing Expansion | The growth of Qing dynasty China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into a central Asian empire |
| Mughal Empire | A successful state founded by Muslim Turkic-speaking peoples who invaded India and provided a rare period of relative political unity (1526–1707), creating partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. |
| Akbar | The most famous emperor of India’s Mughal Empire (r. 1556–1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion. |
| Jizya | Special tax on non-Muslims |
| Sharia Law | Islamic law |
| Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor (r. 1658–1707) who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy. |
| Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century. |
| Jihad | religiously sanctioned warfare against infidels |
| 3 Holy Cities of Islam | Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem |
| Devshirme | A term that means “collection or gathering”; it refers to the Ottoman Empire’s practice of removing young boys from their Christian subjects and training them for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. |
| Syncretic Religions | Blended religions such as Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, and Candomblé and Macumba in Brazil. |
| Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the Islamic law; became an expansive state in central Arabia. |
| Wang Yangming | Influential Ming thinker (1472–1529) who argued that anyone could achieve a virtuous life by introspection and contemplation, without the extended education and study of traditional Confucianism. |
| Kaozheng | research based on evidence”; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners were critical of conventional Confucian philosophy and instead emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents. |
| The Dream of the Red Chamber | Book written by Cao Xueqin that explores the life of an elite family with connections to the court; it was the most famous popular novel of mid-eighteenth-century China. |
| Ocean of Life | A book intended to bring the Hindu tradition of yoga postures into Islamic Sufi practice, portrayed some of the yogis in a Christ-like fashion. |
| Mirabai | One of India’s most beloved bhakti poets, she transgressed the barriers of caste and tradition. |
| Sati | the practice in which a widow followed her husband to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre |
| Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak (1469–1539); combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. |
| Guru Nanak | Founder of Sikhism., involved in the Bhakti movement but came to believe that “there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim, only God”. |
| Qing Expansion (2) | that added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people to the empire’s population and essentially created the borders of contemporary China. |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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