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Key Terms Chapter 5
Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetabulum | The bony socket in the hip bone that holds the head of the femur (from the Latin word for vinegar because it resembles the base of a vinegar cruet) |
| articulation | A joint (adjective: articular) |
| atlas | The first cervical vertebra (root: atlant/o) |
| axis | The second cervical vertebra |
| bone | A calcified form of dense connective tissue; osseous tissue; also an individual unit of the skeleton made of such tissue (root: oste/o) |
| bone marrow | The soft material that fills bone cavities; yellow marrow fills the central cavity of the long bones; blood cells are formed in red bone marrow, which is located in spongy bone tissue (root: myel/o) |
| bursa | A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction near a joint (root: burs/o) |
| cartilage | A type of dense connective tissue that is found in the skeleton, larynx, trachea, and bronchi; it is the precursor to most bone tissue (root: chondr/o) |
| diarthrosis | A freely movable joint; also called a synovial joint (adjective: diarthrotic) |
| diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone |
| epiphyseal plate | The growth region of a long bone; located in the metaphysis, between the diaphysis and epiphysis; when bone growth ceases, this area appears as the epiphyseal line; also spelled epiphysial |
| epiphysis | The irregularly shaped end of a long bone |
| ilium | The large, flared, superior portion of the pelvic bone (root: ili/o) (adjective: iliac) |
| joint | The junction between two bones; articulation (root: arthr/o) |
| ligament | A strong band of connective tissue that joins one bone to another |
| metaphysis | The region of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end); during development, the growing region of a long bone |
| ossification | The formation of bone tissue (from Latin os, meaning “bone”) |
| osteoblast | A cell that produces bone tissue |
| osteoclast | A cell that destroys bone tissue |
| osteocyte | A mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue |
| pelvis | The large ring of bone at the inferior trunk formed of the two hip bones (ossa coxae) joined to the sacrum and coccyx |
| periosteum | The fibrous membrane that covers a bone’s surface |
| resorption | Removal of bone by breakdown and absorption into the circulation |
| skeleton | The body’s bony framework, consisting of 206 bones |
| suture | To unite parts by stitching them together; also the thread or other material used in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching (suffix: -rhaphy). In the skeletal system, an immovable joint, such as a joint between skull bones |
| symphysis | A slightly movable joint |
| synovial fluid | The fluid contained in a freely movable (diarthrotic) joint; synovia (root: synov/i) |
| synovial joint | A freely movable joint; has a joint cavity containing synovial fluid; a diarthrosis |
| tendon | A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (roots: ten/o, tendin/o) |
| thorax | The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; formed by the 12 pairs of ribs and sternum |
| alkaline phosphatase | An enzyme needed in the formation of bone; serum activity of this enzyme is useful in diagnosis |
| ankylosing spondylitis | A chronic, progressive inflammatory disease involving the spinal joints and surrounding soft tissue, most common in young males; also called rheumatoid spondylitis |
| ankylosis | Immobility and fixation of a joint |
| arthritis | Inflammation of a joint |
| arthrocentesis | Aspiration of fluid from a joint by needle puncture |
| arthrodesis | Surgical immobilization (fusion) of a joint; artificial ankylosis |
| arthroplasty | Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis |
| arthroscopy | Use of an endoscope to examine the interior of a joint or to perform surgery on the joint; the instrument used is an arthroscope |
| bisphosphonate | Agent used to prevent and treat osteoporosis; increases bone mass by decreasing bone turnover; examples are alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva) |
| chondrosarcoma | A malignant tumor of cartilage |
| curvature of the spine | An exaggerated spinal curve, such as scoliosis, lordosis, or kyphosis |
| degenerative joint disease | Osteoarthritis |
| diskectomy | Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk; also spelled discectomy |
| fracture | A break in a bone; in a closed or simple fracture, the broken bone does not penetrate the skin; in an open fracture, there is an accompanying wound in the skin |
| gout | A form of acute arthritis, usually beginning in the knee or foot, caused by deposit of uric acid salts in the joints |
| herniated disk | Protrusion of the center (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal; ruptured or “slipped” disk |
| kyphosis | An exaggerated curve of the spine in the thoracic region; hunchback, humpback |
| lordosis | An exaggerated curve of the spine in the lumbar region; swayback |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) | Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin and ibuprofen and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation |
| orthopedics | The study and treatment of disorders of the skeleton, muscles, and associated structures; literally “straight” (ortho) “child” (ped); also spelled orthopaedics |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | Progressive deterioration of joint cartilage with growth of new bone and soft tissue in and around the joint; the most common form of arthritis; results from wear and tear, injury, or disease; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
| osteogenic sarcoma | A malignant bone tumor; osteosarcoma |
| osteomalacia | A softening and weakening of the bones due to vitamin-D deficiency or other disease |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection, usually bacterial |
| osteopenia | A lower-than-average bone density, which may foreshadow osteoporosis |
| osteoporosis | A condition characterized by reduction in bone density, most common in white women past menopause; predisposing factors include poor diet, inactivity, and low estrogen levels |
| Paget disease | Skeletal disease of the elderly characterized by bone thickening and distortion with bowing of long bones; osteitis deformans |
| Pott disease | Inflammation of the vertebrae, usually caused by tuberculosis |
| rheumatoid factor | A group of antibodies found in the blood in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases |
| rickets | Faulty bone formation in children, usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D |
| sciatica | Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, usually related to spinal nerve root irritation |
| scoliosis | A sideways curvature of the spine in any region |
| spondylolisthesis | A forward displacement of one vertebra over another (-listhesis means “a slipping”); also pronounced spon-dih-lo-LIS-theh-sis |
| spondylolysis | Degeneration of the articulating portions of a vertebra allowing for spinal distortion, specifically in the lumbar region |
| traction | The process of drawing or pulling, such as traction of the head in the treatment of injuries to the cervical |
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