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Key Terms Chapter 10
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aorta | The largest artery; it receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body (root: aort/o) |
| aortic valve | The valve at the entrance to the aorta |
| apex | The point of a cone-shaped structure (adjective: apical); the apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left |
| artery | A vessel that carries blood away from the heart; all except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood (roots: arter, arteri/o) |
| arteriole | A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries (root: arteriol/o) |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles |
| atrium | An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart (root: atri/o) |
| AV bundle | A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum; it divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His |
| blood pressure | The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel |
| bundle branches | Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum |
| capillary | A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues |
| cardiovascular system | The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels |
| depolarization | A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles |
| diastole | The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle (adjective: diastolic) |
| electrocardiography (ECG) | Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body; also abbreviated EKG from the German electrocardiography |
| endocardium | The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves |
| epicardium | The thin outermost layer of the heart wall |
| functional murmur | Any sound produced as the heart functions normally |
| heart | The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o) |
| heart rate | The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (bpm) |
| heart sounds | Sounds produced as the heart functions: the two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2 |
| inferior vena cava | The large inferior vein that brings blood low in oxygen back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body |
| left AV valve | The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve |
| mitral valve | The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve |
| myocardium | The thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle |
| pericardium | The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart |
| pulmonary artery | The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary circuit | The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart |
| pulmonary veins | The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart |
| pulmonary valve | The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery |
| pulse | The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract |
| Purkinje fibers | The terminal fibers of the cardiac conducting system; they carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles |
| repolarization | A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles |
| right AV valve | The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve |
| septum | A wall dividing two cavities, such as two chambers of the heart |
| sinus rhythm | Normal heart rhythm |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker |
| sphygmomanometer | Instrument for determining arterial blood pressure; pressure is in mm of mercury when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic pressure) and is reported as systolic/diastolic. |
| superior vena cava | The large superior vein that brings blood low in oxygen back to the right atrium from the upper body |
| systemic circuit | The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart |
| systole | The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle (adjective: systolic) |
| valve | A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction (roots: valv/o, valvul/o) |
| vein | A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen (roots: ven/o, phleb/o) |
| ventricle | A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is formed. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart (root: ventricul/o) |
| venule | A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins |
| vessel | Tube or duct to transport fluid (roots: angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o) |
| ablation | Removal or destruction. In cardiac ablation, a catheter is used to destroy a portion of the heart’s conduction pathway to correct an arrhythmia |
| aneurysm | A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall, usually of an artery; may eventually burst |
| angina pectoris | A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart |
| angioplasty | A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow; commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open |
| arrhythmia | Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat (literally “without rhythm”; note doubled r); also called dysrhythmia |
| arteriosclerosis | Hardening (sclerosis) of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or scar tissue formation |
| artificial pacemaker | A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat; it may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia |
| atherosclerosis | The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall; the most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) (root ather/o means “porridge” or “gruel”) |
| bradycardia | A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis; high CRP levels can indicate cardiovascular disease and its prognosis |
| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood (adjective: cyanotic) |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage |
| cardioversion | Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm; may be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke |
| clubbing | Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails; seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation |
| coarctation of the aorta | Localized narrowing of the aorta with restriction of blood flow |
| coronary angiography | Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter threaded through blood vessels into the heart |
| coronary artery bypass | Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery; the aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg’s saphenous vein |
| coronary calcium scan | Method for visualizing vessel-narrowing calcium deposits in coronary arteries; useful for diagnosing coronary artery disease in people at moderate risk or those who have undiagnosed chest pain; also known as a heart scan |
| creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) | An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum CK level increases in cases of muscle damage; creatine phosphokinase (CPK) |
| CT angiography (CTA) | Computed tomography scan used to visualize vessels in the heart and other organs; requires only a small amount of dye injected; can rule out blocked coronary arteries that may cause a heart attack in people with chest pain or abnormal stress tests |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins |
| defibrillation | Use of an electronic device to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart; the shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
| diaphoresis | Profuse sweating |
| dissecting aneurysm | An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers; usually involves the aorta |
| dyslipidemia | Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in the development of atherosclerosis; includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides) |
| dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing (-pnea), sometimes with pain; “air hunger” |
| echocardiography | A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures |
| edema | Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid; causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition; adjective: edematous (eh-DE-mah-tus) |
| embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation |
| embolus | A mass carried in the circulation; usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body |
| fibrillation | Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles |
| heart block | An interference in the electrical conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia |
| heart failure | A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation |
| hemorrhoid | Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes rectal prolapse; piles |
| hypertension | A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure; essential (primary, idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause |
| infarct | An area of localized tissue necrosis (death) resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area |
| ischemia | Local deficiency of blood supply caused by circulatory obstruction (root: hem/o) |
| lipoprotein | A compound of protein with lipid; lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low-density (VLDL), low-density (LDL), and high-density (HDL); relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with cardiovascular health |
| murmur | An abnormal heart sound |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area; myocardial infarction is usually caused by formation of a thrombus (clot) in a vessel |
| occlusion | A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel |
| patent ductus arteriosus | Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth; the ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the arterial wall |
| phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein |
| plaque | A patch; with regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel; atheromatous plaque |
| rheumatic heart disease | Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of Streptococcus (group A hemolytic Streptococcus); the antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring usually involving the mitral valve |
| septal defect | An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-A-men o-VAL-e), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation |
| shock | Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate blood supply to the tissues; cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure; hypovolemic shock is caused by a loss of blood volume; septic shock is caused by bacterial infection |
| stenosis | Constriction or narrowing of an opening |
| stroke | Sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue; caused by a blood clot in a vessel or rupture of a vessel cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
| syncope | A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting |
| tachycardia | An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm |
| thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot |
| thrombosis | Development of a blood clot within a vessel |
| thrombus | A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel (root: thromb/o) |
| troponin (Tn) | A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction; increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI) |
| varicose vein | A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel (root: varic/o); also called varix (VAR-iks) or varicosity (var-ih-KOS-ih-te) |
| appendix | An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (worm-like) appendix |
| lymph | The thin, plasma-like fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels (root: lymph/o) |
| lymph node | A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph (root: lymphaden/o) |
| lymphatic system | The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream; this system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract |
| Peyer patches | Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine |
| right lymphatic duct | The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the body’s upper right side |
| spleen | A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen; it filters blood and destroys old red blood cells (root: splen/o) |
| thoracic duct | The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body; left lymphatic duct |
| thymus | A lymphoid organ in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum; it functions in immunity (root: thym/o) |
| tonsil | Small mass of lymphoid tissue located in region of the throat (pharynx) |
| lymphadenitis | Inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection |
| lymphangitis | Inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection; appears as painful red streaks under the skin |
| lymphedema | Swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lymphatic vessels |
| lymphoma | Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue |
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ghostofpima
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