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CAT150 Chapter 11
Blood and Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agranulocyte | A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm; agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes |
| albumin | A simple protein found in blood plasma |
| antibody | A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen |
| antigen | A substance that induces the formation of an antibody |
| antigen-presenting cell (APC) | Immune cell that takes in a foreign antigen, processes it, and presents it on the cell surface in combination with the body’s own proteins, thus activating a T cell; examples are dendritic cells and macrophages, which are descendants of monocytes |
| B cell | A lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow and is active in producing antibodies; B lymphocyte (LIM-fo-site) |
| band cell | An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell; band cell counts are used to trace infections and other diseases |
| basophil | A granular leukocyte that stains strongly with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions |
| blood | The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system (roots: hem/o, hemat/o) |
| coagulation | Blood clotting |
| cross-matching | Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion; donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum to look for an immunologic reaction; similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation |
| electrolyte | A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt; term also applied to ions in body fluids |
| eosinophil | A granular leukocyte that stains strongly with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites |
| erythrocyte | A red blood cell (roots: erythr/o, erythrocyt/o) |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow; this hormone is now made by genetic engineering for clinical use |
| fibrin | The protein that forms a clot in the blood coagulation process |
| fibrinogen | The inactive precursor of fibrin |
| formed elements | The cellular components of blood |
| gamma globulin | The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity |
| granulocyte | A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm; granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
| hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) | The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen |
| hemostasis | The stoppage of bleeding |
| immunity | The state of being protected against a disease (root: immun/o) |
| immunoglobulin (Ig) | An antibody; immunoglobulins fall into five classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE |
| leukocyte | A white blood cell (roots: leuk/o, leukocyt/o) |
| lymphocyte | An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue (roots: lymph/o, lymphocyt/o) |
| megakaryocyte | A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets |
| monocyte | An agranular phagocytic leukocyte |
| neutrophil | A granular leukocyte that stains weakly with both acidic and basic dyes; the most numerous of the white blood cells; a type of phagocyte |
| phagocytosis | The ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria or small particles of waste material by a cell (root phag/o means “to eat”); the phagocytic cell, or phagocyte, then destroys the ingested material |
| plasma | The liquid portion of the blood |
| plasma cell | A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies |
| platelet | A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte (root: thrombocyt/o) |
| serum | The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors (plural: sera, serums) |
| T cell | A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and attacks foreign cells directly; T lymphocyte |
| thrombocyte | A blood platelet (root: thrombocyt/o) |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | Immune system failure caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus); the virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity |
| adrenaline | A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system; activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress; used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock; also called epinephrine |
| allergen | A substance that causes an allergic response |
| allergy | Hypersensitivity |
| anaphylactic reaction | An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance; it may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse and respiratory distress if untreated; also called anaphylaxis (from Greek phylaxis, meaning “protection”) |
| anemia | A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes |
| angioedema | A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue |
| aplastic anemia | Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia |
| autoimmune disease | A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual’s own tissues (prefix auto means “self”) |
| CD4+ T lymphocyte count | A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV); a count of less than 200/mcL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency |
| Cooley anemia | A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) that affects production of the beta-hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major |
| delayed hypersensitivity reaction | An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop; examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | Widespread clot formation in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors |
| ecchymosis | A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels (root chym means “juice”) |
| epinephrine | A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system; activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress; used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock; also called adrenaline |
| hemolysis | The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin (adjective: hemolytic) |
| hemophilia | A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor resulting in abnormal bleeding |
| hemorrhagic anemia | Anemia that results from blood loss, as from an injury or internal bleeding |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | A neoplastic disease of B cells that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed–Sternberg cells |
| hypersensitivity | An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | The virus that causes AIDS |
| immunodeficiency | A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease |
| intrinsic factor | A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells; lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia |
| Kaposi sarcoma | Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS |
| leukemia | Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous leukemia) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic leukemia) |
| lymphadenopathy | Any disease of the lymph nodes |
| multiple myeloma | A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow |
| non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) | A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes; it differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed–Sternberg cells are absent |
| nutritional anemia | Anemia resulting from a dietary deficiency, usually of iron, vitamin B12, or folate |
| petechiae | Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia) |
| pernicious anemia | Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12; this vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes |
| Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) | An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia |
| purpura | A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”); thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets |
| Reed–Sternberg cells | Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease; they usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo |
| reticulocyte counts | Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation |
| sickle cell anemia | A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin; red blood cells become sickle-shaped when they give up oxygen and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues; most common in black populations of West African descent |
| sideroblastic anemia | Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin; the excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells) |
| Sjögren syndrome | An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids; deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing |
| splenomegaly | Enlargement of the spleen |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs; patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks |
| systemic sclerosis | A diffuse connective tissue disease that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis; also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin |
| thalassemia | A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”) |
| thrombocytopenia | A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood |
| urticaria | A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives |
Created by:
ghostofpima
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