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Unit 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Silk Roads | Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes. |
| Bodhisattvas | In Buddhism, a person who chooses postpone nirvana to help others. |
| Flying Cash | Paper money named of its tendency to fly away in the wind, made it unnecessary to carry heavy metal coins. |
| Bills of Exchange | A kind of contract promising payment. |
| Chinese Buddhism | China’s only large-scale cultural borrowing before the twentieth century that entered from India in the first and second centuries C.E. but only became popular in 300 to 800 C.E. through a series of cultural accommodations. |
| Neo-Confucianism | The outlook that rejected the religious aspects of both Buddhism and Daoism but appreciated the high moral standards of Buddhist teachings, while returning to classical texts of Confucianism. |
| Zen Buddhism | The Japanese adaption of Chinese Chan school of Buddhism, popular to the samurai class. |
| Sea Roads | The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa. |
| Monsoons | Alternating wind currents that blew predictably northeast during the summer months and southwest during the winter |
| Chinese Junk | A new kind of ship with fully battened sails. |
| Arab Dhow | Ships using triangular sails, constructed without nails by sewing or stitching the boards of the hull together with fibers, cords, or thongs. |
| Srivijaya | A Malay kingdom dominating the critical choke point in Indian Ocean trade at the Straits of Malacca. (670-1025 C.E.) It absorbed cultural influences from India. |
| Strait of Malacca | The many small ports along the Malay Peninsula and the coast of Sumatra competed intensely to attract the growing number of traders and travelers making their way through the straits. |
| Sailendra Kingdom | An agriculturally rich region closely allied with Srivijaya, building program featuring Hindu temples and Buddhist Monuments between 900-1000 C.E. |
| Khmer Kingdom | Kingdom of Angkor during the twelfth century. |
| Angkor Wat | Largest religious structure in the premodern world built by the powerful Angkor kingdom (modern Cambodia), expressing a Hindu understanding of the cosmos centered on a mythical Mount Meru. |
| City of Malacca | The capital of Malacca, in Malaysia, this trade city is flush with commerce culminating in the center, Jonker Street. |
| Swahili Civilization | An East African civilization with commercial city-states linked into the Indian Ocean trading network. |
| Mombasa-Kiowa-Sofaia | Significant Swahili city-states |
| Ibn Battuta | An Arab scholar, merchant, and public official who revealed the long-distance trade routes linking the Islamic heartland to its frontiers and regions beyond. |
| Great Zimbabwe | A powerful state that arose from the increased trade of gold and cattle at the coasts. |
| Emperor Yongle | The third emperor of Ming dynasty who supported Zheng He’s voyaging across the Indian Ocean world, Yongle also published an encyclopedia of 11,000 volumes. (r.1402-1424) |
| Zheng He | A Chinese Muslim traveling to enroll people in the Chinese tribute system. |
| Sand Roads | The routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world. |
| Arabian Camel | An animal that made travel across the Sahara possible. |
| West African civilizations | The formation of large states or empires like Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem, as well as a number of towns and cities, like Kumbi Saleh, Jenne, Timbuktu, and Gao |
| Songhay Empire | An empire that emerged after the crossing of the Sahara was possible, a part of the new West African civilization. |
| Ghana | Country known for its reputation of great riches, and the king was described as "the wealthiest king...because of his treasures and stocks of gold" |
| Mali | An African empire with a trade monopoly. |
| Trans-Saharan Slave Trade | Between 1100 and 1400 about 5500 slaves per year made the trek across the Sahara where most were put to work in the homes of the wealth in Islamic North Africa |
| Timbuktu | A city in Ghana that became the nerve center of the new West African empire, a concentration of trade, science, and religion |
| Diasporic Communities | Permanent settlements of foreign traders at various points along the Indian Ocean routes |
| Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali, undertook Hajj with entourage and enormous quantities of gold |
| Baghdad | The capital of the Abbasid Empire that was established in 756, growing into a city of half a million people, predominantly urban elites |
| Islamic “Green Revolution” | Increased food production, pop. Growth, urbanization, industrial development. |
| House of Wisdom | an academic center for research and translation in Baghdad that was established by the Abbasid calpih al-Mamum |
| American Web | The network of trade linking pre-columbian era Americas with one another. (Less dense than Afro-Eurasia) |
| Chaco Phenomenon | Five major settlements or pueblos that became a dominant center for the production or turquoise ornaments, a major item of regional commerce; present-day New Mexico |
| Pochteca | Pro merchants among Aztecs undertook large-scale trading expeditions in 15th century |
| Llamas | A method of carrying goods across the numerous roads and bridges for the Inca Empire. |
| Angkor Wat(2) | Home of the gods in Hinduism, later used by Buddhists as well (1200 C.E.) |
| Swahili Civilizations | Combination of African Bantu and Islamic cultural patterns with accumulation of good from the interior and exports for the products of distant civilizations (800 C.E.) |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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