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H251 Midterm
H251 Midterm World CIvilizations after 1750 at SCSU
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. |
| Abolitionists | Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. |
| Catholic reformation | A counter reformation within the Catholic Church that was a response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed training and discipline for priests and other clergy. |
| Christopher Columbus | The explorer who encountered the peoples of the Americas and opened the way for Spanish conquest and colonization. |
| Constitutional convention | Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the 13 original states to write the Constitution of the United States |
| Crystal palace | Building erected in Hyde Park, London for the great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse. |
| Declaration of the rights of man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French national assembly at the beginning of the French revolution |
| division of labor | A manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the manufacturing of pottery in the other 18 century factories. |
| Electric telegraph | A device for rapid, long distance transmission of information over an electric wire. |
| English Civil War | (1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I`s arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. |
| enlightenment | A philosophical movement in the 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics |
| Ferdinand Magellan | The Portuguese navigator who was first to sail around the world. |
| George Washington | Military commander of the American revolution. He was the first elected President of the United States. |
| Gold Coast | The West African coast of modern Ghana that was named for one of its primary exports to Europe. |
| Henry the navigator | The Portuguese prince who promoted voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. |
| industrial revolution | The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the 18th century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation. |
| indulgence | Forgiveness for past sins that were sold by corrupt priests instead of being earned through pious acts. |
| janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteen century until the corps was abolished in 1826. |
| Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. |
| Maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. |
| mass production | The manufacturing of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into manufacture of pottery and into spinning of cotton thread. |
| McCartney mission | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. |
| Mechanization | The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | General who overthrew the French directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. |
| Peter the great | Russian tsar (r.1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite and moved the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. |
| pilgrims | Groups of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. |
| proletariat | Industrial workers whoes oppression was an example of how, according to the communist manifesto history was dominated by class struggle between the workers who sold their labor for survival. |
| puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to Heaven or Hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. |
| Scientific revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initally asssociated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. |
| Steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. |
| Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loan words spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. |
| Toussaint Louverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and the French. |
| Tsar | From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). |
| Deforestation | The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. |
| Indentured servant | A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. |
| Witch-hunt | The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
| Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Basin. |
| Bartolomeu Dias | The Portuguese exploreer who first sailed around the southern tip of Africa |
| Conquistadors | The Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Peru, and Central America. |
| Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. |
| Daimyo | Literally,"great names" Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. |
| Francisco Pizarro | The Spanish explorer who conquered the Inka (Inca) Empire. |
| Hernan Cortes | The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire. |
| Hidden Imam | Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali,whom Shiites considered divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since around 873, he is expected to return as a Messiah at the end of time. |
| Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. |
| Mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war |
| Muscovy | The Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. |
| Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, headed by the Pope. |
| Protestant Reformation | Begun by Martin Luther, this widespread protest movement against the Catholic Church resulted in many new Christian denominations being formed. |
| Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar married a princess from this group. |
| Samurai | Literally "those who serve," the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. |
| Serf | In medieval Europe,an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to preform set services for the lord. In Russia some worked as artisans and in factories. |
| Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Asia |
| Tulip Period | Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III (1718-1730), during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. |
| Vasco da Gama | The Portuguese explorer who first sailed from Europe to India and opened up an important new oceanic trading route. |
| Bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. |
| Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, the term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. |
| Laissez-faire | The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. |
| Versailles | The huge palace built for French king Louis XIV south of Paris. The palace symbolized both French power and the triumph of royal aurthority over the French nobility. |
Created by:
Dr. K (SCSU)
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