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Unit 1.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Paleolithic | The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through gathering, hunting, and fishing without the practice of agriculture. Such ways of living persisted well after the advent of agriculture in many places. |
| Agricultural Revolution | The deliberate cultivation of particular plants as well as the taming and breeding of particular animals. |
| Chiefdoms | A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people. |
| Civilization | Societies based in cities and governed by states. |
| Caste system | Division of Indian society into vast numbers of distinct social groups based on occupation and perceived ritual purity. |
| Brahmin | Priests, teachers, intellectuals |
| Moksha | Liberation |
| Karma | Human souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, depending on the actions of individuals. |
| Eightfold Path | A modest and moral lifestyle, mental concentration practices, including meditation, and wisdom or understanding of reality as it is. |
| Theravada Buddhism | “Teaching of the Elders,” the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine; emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. |
| Tibetan Buddhism | Special authority to learned teachers, known as Lamas, and emphasized an awareness of and preparation for death. |
| Bhakti Movement | Meaning “worship”, this Hindu movement began in south India and moved northward between 600 and 1000 C.E.; it involved the intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals. |
| Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. |
| 5 Confucian Relationships | Parents-children, the elderly-younger people, rulers-subjects, man-women, friend-friend |
| Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates a simple and unpretentious way of living and alignment with the natural world, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. |
| Yin/Yang | A belief in the unity or complementarity of opposites. |
| Abrahamic Faiths | Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |
| Jesus of Nazareth | A peasant/artisan “wisdom teacher” and Jewish mystic (ca. 4 B.C.E. - 29 C.E.) whose life, teachings, death, and alleged resurrection gave rise to the new religion of Christianity. |
| Roman Catholic/Eastern Orthodox Split | Division of Christianity organizations between eastern and western regions of the Roman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox. |
| Quran | Also transliterated and Qur’án and Koran, this is the most holy text of Islam, which records the words of God through revelations given to the Prophet Muhammad. |
| Sunni Islam | The advocates of the established order. |
| Ulama | Islamic religious scholars, both Sunni and Shia, who shaped and transmitted the core teachings of Islamic civilization. |
| Silk Roads | Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes. |
| Sand Roads | A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world. |
| Egalitarian | A social view in which all citizens are equal in all aspects of life. |
| Pastoral Societies. (1) | Based on an alternative kind of food-producing economy focused on the raising of livestock, pastoral societies emerged in the Afro-Eurasian world where settled agriculture was difficult or impossible. |
| Cahokia | The largest chiefdom near modern St. Louis, flourished around 1200 C.E. |
| Patriarchy | A social system in which women have been made subordinate to men in the family and in society; often linked to the development of plow-based agriculture, intensive warfare, and private property. |
| Hinduism | A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India; in the thinking of nineteenth-century Indian reformers, it was expressed as a distinctive tradition, an Indian religion wholly equivalent to Christianity. |
| Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. |
| Samsara | Rebirth or reincarnation. |
| Siddhartha Gautama | The Indian prince whose exposure to human suffering led him to develop a path to Enlightenment, which became the basis for the emerging religious tradition of Buddhism; lived ca. 566–ca. 486 B.C.E. |
| Nirvana | An almost indescribable state in which individual identity would be “extinguished” along with all greed, hatred, and delusion. |
| Mahayana Buddhism | “Great Vehicle,” the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and to compassion and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism. |
| Lamas | Teachers |
| Vishnu and Shiva | Vishnu: the protector and preserver of creation who was associated with mercy and goodness; Shiva: a god representing the Divine in its destructive aspect,. |
| Han Dynasty | The Chinese dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) that emerged after the Qin dynasty collapsed, establishing political and cultural patterns that lasted into the twentieth century. |
| Filial Piety | The long-enduring social order that Confucius advocated began at home with unquestioning obedience and the utmost respect for parents and other senior members of the family. |
| Dao | An elusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena. |
| Yellow Turban Rebellion | Peasant uprising, 184-204 C.E. Ideology utopian society without the oppression of governments and landlords. |
| Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice. |
| Saint Paul | An early convert and missionary (ca. 6–67 C.E.) and the first great popularizer of Christianity, especially to Gentile (non-Jewish) communities. |
| Muhammad Ibn Abdullah | The Prophet and founder of Islam whose religious revelations became the Quran, bringing a radically monotheistic religion to Arabia and the world. |
| Umma | The community of all believers in Islam, bound by common belief rather than territory, language, or tribe. |
| Shia Islam | The minority opposition within Islam. |
| Sufism (1) | An understanding of the Islamic faith that saw the worldly success of Islamic civilization as a distraction and deviation from the purer spirituality of Muhammad’s time. By renouncing the material world, meditating on the words of the Quran |
| Sea Roads | The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to Eastern Africa. |
| Pastoral Societies (2) | Pastoral peoples often led their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location. |
| Sufism (2) | …chanting the names of God, using music and dance, and venerating Muhammad and various “saints,” Sufis pursued an interior life, seeking to tame the ego and achieve spiritual union with Allah. |
Created by:
Zining Cheng
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