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COHP 100 Ch 2
Body Structure
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cellular Level | molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of the body |
| Tissue Level | groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function |
| Organ Level | structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes |
| System Level | related organs with a common function, also called organ-system level |
| Organism Level | collection of body systems that makes up the most complex level: a living human being. All parts of the body functioning together constitute the total organism |
| Anterior (ventral) | front of the body |
| Posterior (dorsal) | back of the body |
| Lateral | pertaining to the side |
| Proximal | near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure |
| Distal | farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure |
| Parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity (ex: the parietal pleura lines the chest cavity) |
| Visceral | pertaining to the organs within a cavity (ex: the visceral pleura covers the lungs) |
| 3 Major Planes of Reference | midsagittal (median) coronal (frontal) transverse (horizontal) |
| Midsagittal Plane | (median) vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides |
| Coronal Plane | (frontal) plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions |
| Transverse Plane | (horizontal) plane that separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions |
| Dorsal | back of body cranial & spinal cavities, and the brain and spinal cord |
| Ventral | front of body thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavities: digestive organs and reproductive systems) |
| Abdominalpelvic Quadrants | RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ |
| RUQ | right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas and part of the small/large intestine |
| RLQ | part of the small/large intestine, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter |
| LUQ | left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, part of the small/large intestine |
| LLQ | part of the small/large intestine, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter |
| Right/Left hypochondriac | upper right/left region located under cartilage of the ribs |
| Right/Left lumbar | middle right/left region located near the waist |
| Right/Left iliac | lower right/left region near the groin (aka inguinal region) |
| Epigastric | middle region located above the stomach |
| Umbilical | middle region located in the area of the umbilicus or naval |
| Hypogastric | lower middle region located below the stomach and umbilical region |
| Caud/o | tail |
| ili/o | ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone) |
| Lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
| Thorac/o | chest |
| Radi/o | radiation, xray, radius |
| -ad | toward |
| -al | pertaining to |
| -algia, -dynia | pain |
| -plasia | formation, growth |
| -epi | above, on |
| infra- | below, under |
| Directional | -ior, -al |
| Adhesion | band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other |
| Inflammation | Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy |
| Sepsis | Body's inflammatory response to infection in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates, and low blood pressure |
| Endoscopy | Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument (endoscope)-Used for biopsy, coagulation, and fluid aspiration. |
| Fluoroscopy | Radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photographic plate to produce a visual image from xrays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images |
| MRI | Radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body (soft tissue) |
| Nuclear scan | Diagnostic technique that produces an image of an organ or area by recording the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical substance called tracer; usually introduced into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection |
| Radiography | Production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source |
| Radiopharmaceutical | Drug that contains a radioactive substance, which travels to an area or a specific organ that will be scanned |
| Tomography | Radiographic technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross-section of tissue structure at a predetermined depth |
| Computed Tomography (CT scan) | Narrow beam of xrays with a contrast medium (provides more detail) or without a contrast medium that targets a specific organ or body area to produce multiple cross sectional images for detecting pathological conditions such as tumors or metastases |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan | Nuclear imaging study that combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals to produce a cross-sectional image of radioactive dispersements in a section of the body to reveal the areas where the radiopharmaceutical is being metabolized and where there is a deficienc |
| Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Scan | Nuclear imaging study that scans organs after radioactive tracer and employs a specialized gamma camera that detects emitted radiation to produce a 3D image from a composite of numerous views; used to show how blood flows to an organ and helps determine h |
| Ultrasonography (US) | Imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue |
| PET: areas of decreased metabolism indicate | Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, or epilepsy. |
| PET: areas of increase metabolism indicate | Tumor (Tracer accumulates in the most rapidly metabolizing tissues.) |
| Anastomosis | Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to the other. |
| Cauterize | Process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate).•Usually performed to destroy damaged or diseased tissues or coagulate blood vessels. |
Created by:
ambermaclean12
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