Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Concept Dis. Ch 6
Pathogenic Microorganisms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium of what shape? | spiral |
| is an example of an acid-fast organism | tuberculosis |
| enzyme that antibiotic-resistant bacteria produce to inactivate penicillin | Penicillinase |
| hypersensitivity to antibiotics can produce | fatal reaction in some patients |
| Rickettsiae and Ehrlichieae are transferred to humans through | insects |
| mycoplasmas cause | primary atypical pneumonia |
| most fungal infections occur after | disruption of the natural bacterial flora of the body |
| host a number of animal parasites capable of causing illness/disability | human body |
| shape, Gram-stain reaction, biochemical/cultural characteristics & antigenic structure | four major factors used to classify bacteria |
| coccus | spherical bacterium |
| bacillus | rod shaped bacterium |
| staphylococci | cocci bacterium growing in clusters |
| diplococci | cocci bacterium growing in pairs |
| streptococci | cocci bacterium growing in chains |
| staining procedure where bacteria stained w/crystal violet, treated w/strong iodine solution, decolorized w/ethanol/ethanol-acetone, & counterstained w/contrasting dye | Gram-stain method |
| gram-positive | those retaining the stain during Gram-stain method |
| gram-negative | those losing the stain but staining with the counterstain |
| aerobic organisms grow best in | presence of oxygen |
| anaerobic organisms grow only in | absence of oxygen, or extremely low oxygen tension |
| some bacteria grow well under | aerobic/anaerobic conditions |
| flagellum | whip-like process that propels organism/sperm |
| organisms that lake flagella are | non-motile |
| spores | highly resistant spherical structure produced by some bacteria to assure survival under adverse conditions |
| extremely resistant bacterial modification that forms under adverse conditions may be considered | dormant |
| contains large #s of antigens associated w/cell body, capsule & flagella (if motile) | each type of bacterium |
| defining system of antigens unique for each group of bacteria | antigenic structure |
| found in gastrointestinal tract & capable of causing a typhoid-like febrile illness | Salmonella |
| gram-positive cocci | staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci |
| gram-negative cocci | gonococci, meningococci |
| gram-positive bacilli | corynebacteria, Listeria, bacilli, clostridia |
| gram-negative bacilli | hemophilus, Gardnerella, Francisella, yersinia, brucella, legionella, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, cholera bacillus, colon bacillus (Escherichia coli) |
| gram-positive spiral organisms | treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi |
| gram-positive acid-fact organisms | tubercle bacillus, leprosy bacillus |
| normal inhabitants of skin & nasal cavity | staphylococci |
| pathogenic/non-pathogenic staphylococci can be distinguished by | appearance of colonies on media containing blood |
| produce zones of hemolysis around growing colonies | pathogenic staphylococci |
| do not hemolyze red cells | non-pathogenic staphylococci |
| pathogenic staphylococci are common causes of | boils, other skin infections & post-op wound infections |
| pose serious problem in hospitals were organisms are widely distributed & patients susceptible to infection | staphylococci infections |
| streptococci are classified on the basis of their | serological group & type of hemolysis produced when grown on solid medium containing blood |
| Lancefield system | classification of hemolytic streptococci into groups on basis of serologic action |
| 20 major groups are based on differences in carbohydrate antigens present in cell walls | Lancefield system |
| Lancefield system groups are designated | A through H & K through V |
| streptococci groups of most medical importance | A, B & D |
| Lancefield system classification is based on | alpha hemolysis, beta hemolysis or no hemolysis on blood agar platelets |
| produce green discoloration of blood immediately around colony | alpha hemolytic/alpha streptococci |
| alpha streptococci named because of its growth characteristic | Streptococcus viridans |
| alpha streptococci are inhabitants of | throat & mouth |
| alpha streptococci cannot be classified by Lancefield system because | lack carbohydrate antigen possessed by other streptococci |
| produce narrow zone of complete hemolysis around growing colony | beta hemolytic/beta streptococci |
| one of most important beta streptococci in Lancefield group | group A /group A beta streptococci |
| group A beta streptococci are | extremely pathogenic, cause streptococcal sore throat, scarlet fever, serious skin infections & intrauterine infection after birth |
| infection with the group A type of hemolytic streptococci "fleshing eating bacteria" | necrotizing fasciitis |
| may cause serious urinary tract & wound infections, & serious infections in newborns | group B beta streptococci |
| closely related to group D streptococci, classified separately, inhabit intestinal tract | enterococci |
| enterococci are | resistant to multiple antibiotics |
| grow in pairs & short chains, common cause of bacterial pneumonia | Streptococcus pneumoniae - pneumococci |
| most gram-negative cocci, which inhabit the upper respiratory path, are | nonpathogenic & members of genus Neisseria |
| Neisseria meningitidis | cause of type of meningitis that occurs in epidemics |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | causes STD gonorrhea |
| Corynebacteria & Listeria two important groups of | gram positive bacilli, non-spore-forming aerobic bacteria |
| member of aerobic spore-forming gram-positive organisms, which is highly pathogenic | Bacillus anthracis, causes anthrax |
| inhalation of anthrax spores from contaminated wool, yarn, or animal products allows for | spores germinate within pulmonary alveoli, actively proliferate & produce lethal toxins causing tissue destruction |
| anthrax spores are ingested by | macrophages & transported to regional lymph nodes continuing germination & toxin production |
| antibiotics effective against germinated form of anthrax are not effective against | spore of organism |
| prolonged course of antibiotics are needed for exposure to inhaled anthrax because | spores transported to lymph nodes may continue to germinate up to 2 months |
| anaerobic spore-forming bacilli are called | Clostridia |
| Clostridia inhabit | intestinal tract of humans/animals & found in soil |
| Clostridia in known to cause | gas gangrene, tetanus & botulism |
| caused by Clostridia perfringens & related organisms, developing in dirty, spore-contaminated wounds | gas gangrene |
| Clostridia produce large amounts of gas by | fermenting in necrotic tissue |
| Clostridia also release | powerful toxins that destroy tissues & cause widespread systemic effects |
| Clostridia tetani, tetanus, produces | potent toxin causing spasm of voluntary muscles |
| "lockjaw" comes from marked rigidity of jaw muscles that is common feature of | tetanus |
| botulism is "food poisoning" caused by ingestion of neurotoxin produced by | anaerobic spore forming bacillus Clostridium botulinum growing improperly in canned/preserved food |
| antibiotic-associated colitis | intestinal infection caused by Clostridium difficile |
| meningitis in infants/young children & respiratory infections in patients with chronic lung disease | Hemophilus influenzae |
| one member of Yersinia is responsible for | bubonic plague |
| Legionella causes serious respiratory illness | Legionnaires disease |
| gram-negative bacteria that cause febrile illness & gastroenteritis | Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, & cholera bacillus |
| Helicobacter causes | chronic inflammation of stomach lining & stomach ulcers |
| best know enteric bacterium | colon bacillus Escherichia coli |
| Treponema pallidum is spiral organism causing | syphilis |
| Borrelia burgdorferi is spiral organism causing | Lyme disease |
| tick-borne systemic infection characterized by neurologic, joint, & cardiac manifestations | Lyme Disease |
| waxy capsule stained by difficult means of certain red dyes | acid-fast bacteria |
| substance that destroy bacteria or inhibit growth | antibiotic |
| antibiotics are useful clinically because of ability to injure bacterial cells without | significant injury to patient |
| bacterial genetic material is arranged as | circular DNA molecule attached to cell membrane |
| some bacteria contain plasmids which have gene coding useful to bacteria & harmful to people because | resistance to antibiotics, toxin production, formation soluble factors to inhibit normal bacterial floral |
| deficient in certain enzymes & can live only as parasites inside of cells of infected individual | nonmotile bacteria |
| spherical, densely staining structures; masses of virus/products of virus multiplication | inclusion bodies |
| inclusion bodies | spherical structures in nucleus/cytoplasm of virus-infected cells |
| small, gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria; inhibited by sulfonamide drugs | chlamydiae |
| small intracellular bacteria that can only multiply within cells of infected person | Rickettsiae |
| Rickettsiae is transmitted to human by | insect bites |
| Rickettsiae multiply in endothelial cells of | small blood vessels |
| Rickettsiae can lead to | thrombosis, rupture & necrosis |
| rickettsial infections usually causes a | febrile illness, associate w/skin rash |
| Typhus & Rocky Mt Spotted Fever are the most common | rickettsial infections |
| organisms transmitted by ticks, which infect WBC are called | Ehrlichieae |
| when Ehrlichieae infects WBCs they contain compact clusters of organisms called | morulae |
| morulae are able to be identified with | blood smear tests |
| febrile illness, similar to rickettsiae, & may be associated w/skin rash | ehrlichiosis |
| rickettsial infections respond to | tetracyclines & chloramphenicol antibiotics |
| ehrlichiosis infections respond to | tetracycline antibiotic |
| very small & fragile bacteria, lacking a cell wall | mycoplasmas |
| mycoplasmas respond to the antibiotics | tetracycline & erythromycin |
| small infectious agents are | viruses |
| protein covering central nucleic acid core of a virus | capsid |
| one of the subunits that make up the capsid of a virus | capsomere |
| capsomeres are arranged are the genome in | precise geometric fashion |
| nucleic acid of virus genome can be arrange in | single/double strand |
| viruses have few metabolic enzymes so they must | rely on cells of infected person to carry out their activities |
| classification based on portion of body/organ system in which viral infection produced most prominent clinical manifestations | older classification of viruses |
| classification based on nucleic structure, size, structural configuration & biological characteristics | modern classification of viruses |
| condition in which virus infects cell w/out causing evidence of cell injury | latent viral infection |
| more virulent viruses which regularly cause cell injury, manifested by necrosis & degeneration of infected cell | cytopathogenic effect |
| some viruses with a cytopathogenic effect induce cell hyperplasia & proliferation rather than | cell necrosis |
| under certain circumstances, latent symptomatic viral infections may become activated leading to | actual disease |
| member of herpes group, which causes chicken-pox & shingles | varicella-zoster virus |
| after the initial infection w/varicella-zoster virus, it remains dormant in the | sensory nerve ganglia |
| characteristic band-like vesicular skin rash in segment of upper skin supplied by sensory nerve, along the course of a spinal nerve | shingles |
| inclusion bodies aide in diagnosis by | recognizing viral infection/type of viral disease present |
| group carbohydrate-containing proteins produced by cells in response to viral infection & able to interfere w/viral multiplication | interferon |
| immunity associated w/formation of antibodies produced by plasma cells | humoral immunity |
| defense against foreign antigens provided by population of T lymphocytes that can attach/destroy foreign antigens | cell-mediated immunity |
| primary sources of interferon | monocytes & lymphocytes |
| filamentous branching structures formed by fungi | hyphae |
| matted mass of hyphae forming fluffy colony characteristic of fungi | mycelium |
| plantlike organisms w/out chlorophyll | fungi |
| two subdivisions of fungi | yeasts & molds |
| small ovoid/spherical cells that reproduce by budding | yeasts |
| form large colonies composed of hyphae | molds |
| disturbance in normal bacterial flora & impaired immunological functions predispose person's to | systemic fungal infection |
| cancer patients treated w/cytotoxic drugs may develop | systemic fungal infections |
| group of fungi that cause superficial infections of skin; symptoms include itchy, scaling skin lesions on scalp & other body parts | dermatophytes |
| superficial fungal infection of mucous membranes caused by yeast-like fungus | Candida infection |
| fungi can be identified by | biopsy or culture of infected tissue |
| fungal infection causing acute, self-limited respiratory infection due to inhalation of spores | histoplasmosis |
| fungal infection usually manifests as an acute pulmonary infection due to inhalation of spores; can lead to chronic/severe progressive systemic disease | coccidiomycosis |
| less common fungal infection due to inhalation of spores from Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes cryptococcosis | blastomycosis |
| yeast-like organism w/large mucoid capsule; initially pulmonary infection but if transported to blood stream & meninges of brain causing chronic meningitis | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Cryptococcus neoformans can be identified in | smears/cultures of spinal fluid |
| chronic/progressive systemic fungal infections are treated with | various antifungal antibiotics |
| can follow the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics | anti-biotic associated colitis |
| Impaired immunity, antibiotic-related change of normal bacterial flora, drugs that impair functions of the immune system, & chronic diseases in which immunity is impaired | factors rendering patient susceptible to infection by fungus of low pathogenicity |
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Medical sets