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Unit 3

Classical Civilizations

TermDefinition
polytheism the belief in more than one god
caste a social class in Hinduism determined by how one lived in a previous life; a person cannot change the caste they are born into during their lifetime
caste system a rigid social class system in Hinduism based on the concept of reincarnation
Bhagavad Gita a Hindu holy book that explains Hindu beliefs through stories
Rig Veda a Hindu holy book filled with hymns and ritualistic speech
reincarnation the rebirth of the soul after death; Hindus and Buddhists believe in reincarnation
Nirvana, enlightenment, moksha the state of release from reincarnation that according to Hindus can be reached by fulfilling one’s dharma in each life and moving up the caste system, but according to Buddhists can be achieved by following the Eightfold Path
karma the sum of a person’s actions in this and previous lives
dharma one’s duty according to their caste (social class)
Siddhartha Gautama founder of Buddhism, also known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One”
Eightfold Path the code of moral behavior followed by Buddhists
Four Noble Truths Buddhist belief that (1) Life is suffering, (2) desire is the cause of suffering, (3) the way to stop suffering is to stop desire, (4) one can stop desire by following the Eightfold Path
The Silk Road a network of overland and sea routes connecting East Asia with the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe.
Golden Age periods of great wealth, prosperity, stability, and cultural and scientific achievement
Gupta Dynasty an Indian dynasty that ruled from 320 CE to 550 CE; this period is known as a golden age of Indian civilization because of the achievements in math, science, and art
Qin Dynasty a dynasty that united parts of China in 221 BCE and lasted until 206 BCE; founded by Shi Huangdi and ruled by a strong central government that used Legalist policies
Shi Huangdi founder of the Qin Dynasty who ruled strictly, using Legalist philosophy to create laws that restricted the freedom of the people he ruled
Legalism a Chinese philosophy that supports the creation of strict laws to keep order and stability in a society; legalism was used to rule during the Qin Dynasty
Han Dynasty a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 206 BCE to 220 CE; this period is known as a golden age of Chinese civilization and was ruled through Confucian ideas
Confucianism a philosophy founded around 500 BCE in China; the philosophy stresses the importance of social order which can be explained through Five Relationships
The Analects a book containing the teachings of Confucius
The Five Relationships the Confucian idea that social order comes when everyone knows who to respect in society and who should respect them the five relationships are: ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, and friend to friend
filial piety Confucian concept of respect for one’s elders
Dao De Jing or Tao Te Ching collective teachings of the founder of Daoism/Taoism
Lao Tzu Chinese philosopher who founded Daoism (Taoism) and lived around 500 BCE
Pericles a Greek politician who had influence over Athens during its golden age; he promoted the arts and literature, led building projects like the Parthenon, and supported democracy in Athens
Ancient Greece a civilization that was located in southeastern Europe on the Mediterranean Sea from around 800 BCE to 600 CE
Athens a city state in Ancient Greece that was the birthplace of democracy and valued art, architecture, science, math, and education; this city state’s culture greatly influenced Western history
Sparta a city state in Ancient Greece was ruled by an oligarchy and valued military service and obedience to the government
city-state a city and the land surrounding it that is independently ruled; city-states are not a part of a larger government
direct democracy a form of government in which citizens have the right to vote on any government decision directly; citizens, not representatives of citizens cast these votes
Plato, Aristotle, Socrates Ancient Athenian philosophers
Hellenistic Culture a combination of Greek, Persian, and Indian art, philosophy, science, math, architecture, and traditions that was created through contact between people ruled by Alexander the Great and spread by those that traveled in his empire
Pax Romana the period of peace in the Roman Empire that is known as Rome’s golden age that took place from around 30 BCE to 250 CE
Republic a form of democratic government in which citizens elect representatives to vote for them in the government
Mediterranean Sea Complex the network made up of the areas of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa that are connected by the Mediterranean Sea
Created by: vvanwagoner
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