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Key Terms Chapter 9
Chapter 9 Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adrenal gland | A gland on the superior surface of the kidney; the outer region (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; the inner region (medulla) secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress (root: adren/o) |
| endocrine | Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes hormones into the blood |
| hormone | A secretion of an endocrine gland; a substance that travels in the blood and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands |
| hypophysis | The pituitary gland; named from hypo, meaning “below,” and physis, meaning “growing,” because the gland develops below the hypothalamus (root: hypophysi/o) |
| hypothalamus | A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, produces hormones, and is active in maintaining homeostasis |
| pancreatic islet | Cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes hormones to regulate glucose metabolism; also called islet of Langerhans or islet cells (root insul/o means “island”) |
| parathyroid gland | A small endocrine gland on the posterior thyroid that acts to increase blood calcium levels; there are usually four to six parathyroid glands (roots: parathyr/o, parathyroid/o); the name literally means “near the thyroid” |
| pineal gland | A small gland in the brain; appears to regulate mood, daily rhythms, and sexual development in response to environmental light; secretes the hormone melatonin |
| pituitary gland | A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain; the anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus (root: pituitar/i); hypophysis |
| prostaglandins | A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation |
| receptor | A site on the cell membrane or within the cell to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches |
| steroid hormone | A hormone made from lipids; includes the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex |
| target tissue | The specific tissue on which a hormone acts; may also be called the target organ |
| thyroid gland | An endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea; it secretes hormones that affect metabolism and growth (roots: thyr/o, thyroid/o) |
| acromegaly | Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excess growth hormone in an adult; the name comes from acro meaning “extremity” and megal/o meaning “enlargement” |
| Addison disease | A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones; it is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations in salt and water balance |
| adenoma | A neoplasm of a gland |
| adrenogenital syndrome | Condition caused by overproduction of androgens from the adrenal cortex, resulting in masculinization; may be congenital or acquired, usually as a result of an adrenal tumor |
| adult hypothyroidism | A condition caused by hypothyroidism in an adult; there is dry, waxy swelling, most notable in the face; formerly called myxedema (miks-eh-DE-mah) |
| congenital hypothyroidism | A condition caused by lack of thyroid secretion during development and marked by arrested physical and mental growth; also called infantile hypothyroidism |
| Conn syndrome | Hyperaldosteronism caused by an adrenal tumor |
| craniopharyngioma | A benign tumor of the pituitary gland |
| Cushing disease | Overactivity of the adrenal cortex resulting from excess production of ACTH by the pituitary |
| Cushing syndrome | A condition resulting from an excess of hormones from the adrenal cortex; it is associated with obesity, weakness, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hirsutism (excess hair growth) |
| diabetes insipidus | A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary; it results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine; insipidus means “tasteless,” referring to the dilution of the urine |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or inadequate tissue response to insulin; type 1 results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells |
| exophthalmos | Protrusion of the eyeballs, as seen in Graves disease |
| gigantism | Overgrowth caused by excess growth hormone from the pituitary during childhood; also called gigantism |
| glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test | A test that measures the binding of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of a red blood cell; it reflects the average blood glucose level over 2 to 3 months and is useful in evaluating long-term therapy for diabetes mellitus; also called A1c test |
| glycosuria | Excess glucose in the urine |
| goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland; a simple (nontoxic) goiter is caused by iodine deficiency |
| Graves disease | An autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism; a prominent symptom is exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs); also called diffuse toxic goiter |
| Hashimoto disease | A chronic thyroiditis of autoimmune origin |
| hyperglycemia | Excess glucose in the blood |
| hypoglycemia | Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood |
| impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) | High blood glucose levels after glucose intake that may signal borderline diabetes mellitus |
| insulin shock | A condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia |
| ketoacidosis | Acidosis (increased acidity of body fluids) caused by excess ketone bodies, as in diabetes mellitus; diabetic acidosis |
| ketosis | Accumulation of ketone bodies, such as acetone, in the body; usually results from deficiency or faulty metabolism of carbohydrates, as in cases of diabetes mellitus and starvation |
| metabolic syndrome | A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; also called syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome |
| multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) | A hereditary disorder that causes tumors in several endocrine glands; classified according to the combination of glands involved |
| panhypopituitarism | Underactivity of the entire pituitary gland |
| pheochromocytoma | A usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla or other structures containing chromaffin cells (cells that stain with chromium salts) (phe/o means “brown” or “dusky”); the adrenal tumor causes increased production of epinephrine |
| pituitary apoplexy | Sudden massive hemorrhage and degeneration of the pituitary gland associated with a pituitary tumor; common symptoms include severe headache, visual problems, and loss of consciousness |
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | A mood disorder with lethargy, depression, excessive need for sleep, and overeating that generally occurs in winter; thought to be related to melatonin levels as influenced by environmental light |
| sella turcica | A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland (literally means “Turkish saddle”) |
| Simmonds disease | Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary (panhypopituitarism), usually because of an infarction; pituitary cachexia (ka-KEK-se-a) |
| sphenoid bone | A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland |
| tetany | Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors |
| thyroid storm | A sudden onset of thyrotoxicosis symptoms occurring in patients with hyperthyroidism who are untreated or poorly treated; may be brought on by illness or trauma; also called thyroid crisis |
| thyrotoxicosis | Condition resulting from overactivity of the thyroid gland; symptoms include anxiety, irritability, weight loss, and sweating; the main example of thyrotoxicosis is Graves disease |
| von Recklinghausen disease | Bone degeneration caused by excess production of parathyroid hormone; also called Recklinghausen disease of bone |
Created by:
ghostofpima
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