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Key Terms Chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antidiuretic hormone | A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine |
| angiotensin | A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys |
| calyx | A cup-like cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix (plural: calices) (roots: cali/o, calic/o) |
| diuresis | Excretion of urine; usually meaning increased urinary excretion |
| diuretic | A substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow; this hormone is now made by genetic engineering for clinical use |
| glomerular capsule | The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood; Bowman (BO-man) capsule |
| glomerular filtrate | The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule |
| glomerulus | The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (plural: glomeruli) (root: glomerul/o) |
| kidney | An organ of excretion (roots: ren/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains metabolic waste products and other substances as needed to regulate the water, electrolyte, and pH balance of body fluids |
| micturition | The voiding of urine; urination |
| nephron | A microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine |
| renal cortex | The kidney’s outer portion; contains portions of the nephrons |
| renal medulla | The kidney’s inner portion; contains portions of the nephrons and ducts that transport urine toward the renal pelvis |
| renal pelvis | The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney (Greek root pyel/o means “basin”) |
| renal pyramid | A triangular structure in the renal medulla; composed of the nephrons’ loops and collecting ducts |
| renin | An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood |
| trigone | A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra |
| tubular reabsorption | The return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries |
| urea | The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine |
| ureter | The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (root: ureter/o) |
| urethra | The duct that carries urine out of the body and also transports semen in the male (root: urethr/o) |
| urinary bladder | The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys (roots: cyst/o, vesic/o) |
| urination | The voiding of urine; micturition |
| urine | The fluid excreted by the kidneys; it consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigments; a variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease (root: ur/o) |
| acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids |
| bacteriuria | Presence of bacteria in the urine |
| cast | A solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine |
| catheterization | Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine |
| cystectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection |
| cystoscope | An instrument for examining the interior of the urinary bladder; also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment |
| dialysis | Separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane; dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing; the two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis |
| dysuria | Painful or difficult urination |
| glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney, primarily involving the glomeruli; the acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic form varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure |
| hematuria | Presence of blood in the urine |
| hemodialysis | Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through a semipermeable membrane |
| hydronephrosis | Collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; results in distention and renal atrophy |
| hyperkalemia | Excess amount of potassium in the blood |
| hypernatremia | Excess amount of sodium in the blood |
| hypokalemia | Deficiency of potassium in the blood |
| hyponatremia | Deficiency of sodium in the blood |
| hypoproteinemia | Decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be caused by kidney damage resulting in protein loss |
| ileal conduit | Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum; one end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall; |
| intravenous pyelography (IVP) | Intravenous urography |
| intravenous urography (IVU) | Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; |
| lithotomy | Incision of an organ to remove a stone (calculus) |
| lithotripsy | Crushing of a stone |
| nephrotic syndrome | Condition that results from glomerular damage leading to loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria); there is low plasma protein (hypoproteinemia), edema, and increased blood lipids as the liver releases lipoproteins; also called nephrosis |
| oliguria | Elimination of small amounts of urine |
| peritoneal dialysis | Removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid |
| proteinuria | Presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine |
| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually caused by infection |
| pyuria | Presence of pus in the urine |
| renal colic | Radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone |
| renal failure | Loss of kidney function resulting from loss or damage to the kidney nephrons. May be chronic, developing over time, or acute, as a result of sudden damage, as by injury, shock, or toxins |
| renal transplantation | Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient |
| retrograde pyelography | Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below by way of the ureters |
| specific gravity (SG) | The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water; the specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025; this value may increase or decrease in disease |
| uremia | Presence of toxic levels of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficiency |
| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra; often caused by gonorrhea and chlamydia infections |
| urinalysis (UA) | Laboratory study of the urine; physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included |
| urinary stasis | Stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnation |
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ghostofpima
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