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Key Terms Chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anus | The distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o) |
| appendix | An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (worm-like) appendix |
| bile | The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsifies fats and aids in their absorption (roots: chol/e, bili) |
| cecum | A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o) |
| colon | The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (roots: col/o, colon/o) |
| common bile duct | The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o) |
| duodenum | The first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o); also pronounced du-OD-eh-num |
| enzyme | An organic substance that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction |
| esophagus | The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| feces | The waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool |
| gallbladder | A sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o) |
| hepatic portal system | A special circulatory pathway that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal system); the vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal vein) |
| ileum | The terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o) |
| intestine | The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus; it consists of the small and large intestines; it functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o); the bowel (BOW-el) |
| jejunum | The middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o) |
| lacteal | A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine; lacteals absorb digested fats into the lymph |
| large intestine | The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus; it stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces) |
| liver | The large gland in the upper right abdomen; in addition to many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of fats (root: hepat/o) |
| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | Muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus; also called the cardiac sphincter |
| mastication | Chewing |
| mouth | The oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth; used to take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be swallowed |
| palate | The roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root: palat/o) |
| pancreas | A large, elongated gland posterior to the stomach; it produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root: pancreat/o) |
| peristalsis | Wave-like contractions of an organ’s walls; moves material through an organ or duct |
| peritoneum | The large serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs |
| pharynx | The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o) |
| pylorus | The stomach’s distal opening into the duodenum (root: pylor/o); the opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter |
| rectum | The distal portion of the large intestine; it stores and eliminates undigested waste (roots: rect/o, proct/o) |
| saliva | The clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o); saliva is produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands |
| sigmoid colon | Distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the descending colon and the rectum |
| small intestine | The portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; accessory organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all digestion and absorption occur there |
| stomach | A muscular sac-like organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o) |
| uvula | The fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o) |
| villi | Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular: villus) |
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ghostofpima
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