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History9
Maayanot World History Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was a main theme of Hammurabi's law code? | Laws depended on social status. |
| What was the basic feature of Hammurabi's law code? | "An eye for an eye." |
| How were punishments in Hammurabi's law code different from those of Sumerian law? | Sumerian punishments were all calculated based on monetary fines. |
| How did Hammurabi’s law code advance civilization? | It enforced the idea that government is responsible to its citizens and established a uniform law code for all people in his empire. |
| What led the Assyrians to build up a strong army? | They were easy to attack and invaded frequently. |
| What made the Assyrian army so strong? | They had state-of-the-art iron weaponry and sophisticated military organization. They used terror tactics and ladders and tunnels. |
| What idea did the Assyrians share with Hammurabi? | A stable household led to a stable empire. |
| What were the key aspects to the Assyrians' success? | Terror tactics, cruelty, and advanced weaponry. |
| Assyrian kings had a particularly great interest in writing and reading. Why may that have been? | They wanted to impress future generations with their achievements. |
| Why did the Assyrian empire crumble and what do we learn from them? | They overextended themselves. We learn that their way was not the way to long-term success. |
| What traits describe the Persian government's method of ruling? | They ruled with tolerance, diplomacy, and wise government. |
| Who conquered the entire Fertile Crescent? | Cyrus the Great. |
| What was Cyrus's legacy? | His method of governing, his kindness towards conquered people, and his honoring of local customs and religions of the people he conquered. |
| Why is Cyrus called G-d's anointed? | He recognized Hashem and allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Bet Hamikdash. |
| How was Cambyses differ from his father in his method of ruling? | He was not tolerant of other religions; he burned the Egyption gods. People rebel when he dies. |
| What were Darius's three main accomplishments? | He set up an efficient government, built good roads, and introduced coins. These three led to better communication and transportation and unified the empire. |
| How large was Darius's empire? How long was the Royal Road? | 2500 miles; 1700 miles. |
| How did Darius organize his government? | He divided his empire into 20 provinces. He appointed satraps(governors) to govern each province. He had a single law code for the empire. This made for a more efficient government. |
| What kept the Persian empire together? | Darius's genius administration, the Royal Road, and a national money system. |
| Why were the Persians able to focus on religion? | They had stability which leads to leisure time and cultural and religious development. Their leaders displayed tolerance which probably encouraged them to practice their own religious beliefs. |
| Who was Zoroaster? | A Persian prophet and religious reformer who preached Zoroastrianism. |
| What are the four major aspects of Zoroastrianism? | Dualism (two primary spiritual forces that battle for possession of a mans soul), heaven and hell, final judgement, and free will. Free will was revolutionary. |
| What were the four major accomplishments of the Minoans? | They produced some of the finest pottery of their time, they traded it along with swords, figurines, and vessels of precious metals over a large area, they exported their art and culture, and had a unique architectural style, burial and religious customs. |
| What is the significance of Minoan accomplishments? | Minoan culture had an enormous influence on Greek culture. |
| How could one describe the Minoans as a people? | They were a graceful. athletic people, who loved nature, beautiful objects, and vigorous sports, like bull-leaping. |
| Where were women given a higher status than anywhere else in the world? Why? | Crete-the Minoans. Perhaps because of the great Mother Earth Goddess that they believed ruled over the other gods. |
| What are the three main theories for the Minoan culture's mysterious end around 1200 BCE? | A natural disaster, they were overrun by invaders, or overpopulation. |
| How did the geography of the Greek mainland affect the cultures that developed there? | It caused separate groups to develop isolated societies that all spoke Greek. It also made central control difficult. The close proximity of the sea encouraged trade between city-states and surrounding societies. |
| Who were the Mycenaeans? | They were an Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 BCE. They were ruled by wealthy warrior-kings, and lived on a steep, rocky ridge. |
| How did cultural diffusion occur between the Mycenaeans and the Minoans? What did they adopt? | They invaded Crete and adopted the decorated vases, writing system, and seaborne trade that made the Minoans so successful. |
| What can be concluded about the Trojan War? | There probably was a war, because of the archaeological evidence we have, but it was probably a Mycenaean raid on Troy. Over time, the raid was probably turned into the legend. |
| What characterizes the Dorian Age? | This was a time when writing was temporarily forgotten for 400 years, so there was no trade. The Dorians were not a sophisticated people. |
| Who was Homer and why is he famous? | He was a blind itinerant storyteller. He told the epics, The Odyssey and The Illiad. |
| Are epics a reliable source of information? | No. Because they are told orally, it is not reliable. |
| What is arete? | A Greek ideal of virtue and excellence. A Greek could display this ideal on the battlefield or in athletic competitions. |
| What were the Greek gods like? | They had human qualities, competed and quarreled, and were immortal. |
| What are the three types of government in Ancient Greece? | Monarchy, aristocracy, and oligarchy. |
| How did the ability of citizens to own weapons change their outlook? | They might feel more confident and personally responsible for their city-state. They also might demand a share in government. |
| How did the Messenian Revolt affect Sparta? | They dedicated themselves to the creation of a strong army and city-state. |
| What was the secret to Sparta's prosperity? | Their obedience to the laws. |
| How was Sparta different from most city-states in their treatment of women? | Spartan women were given good meals and exercise, unlike women in other societies who were confined to the home and given scanty meals. They believed that strong mothers would give birth to strong babies. |
| What two groups ruled Sparta? What did they do? | The Assembly was composed of all free males, who elected officials. The Council of Elders proposed laws that the Assembly voted on. They also had two kings who ruled the military. |
| Who took part in government in Athens? | Only free adult males, who counted as citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners living in Athens were not allowed citizenship and had few rights. Greeks viewed foreigners as barbarians. |
| Who was Draco? What did he do? | He was an Athenian law maker who wrote the first legal code. It favored the rich and caused conflicts between the rich and poor. |
| Who was Solon? What were his two main reforms? | He was given full power to reform Athenian laws to heal the schism between the rich and poor. His two main reforms were: any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers and could participate in the Athenian assembly. |
| What were Solon's other important reforms? | He attacked slavery, made economic reforms, and changed who citizens were. But he neglected land reform, which was at the root of the problem. |
| Who was Cleisthenes? What were his two main reforms? | He was an Athenian leader who worked toward making Athens a full democracy. He reorganized the assembly to break up the power of the nobility and created the Council of 500. |
| Why were Cleisthenes' reforms significant? | They allowed more participation in government. However, only 1/5 of Athenians were citizens so it was still not a full democracy. |
| What caused the Persian Wars? | The Persians conquer some Greek land and the Greeks revolt. The Athenians send help, and Darius vows to destroy Greece in retaliation. |
| Who was Pheidippides? | He ran from Marathon to Athens to warn them that the Persians were coming. He saved Athens, because by the time the Persians arrived in Athens, the Athenians were ready for battle, so the Persians went home. |
| How were the outnumbered Greeks able to defeat the Persians? | The Greek phalanx was nearly impossible to defeat. |
| Who was Ephialtes? | He was a Greek traitor who told the Persians about the pass around Thermopylae. |
| Who was Herodotus? | A Greek historian who wrote about the Spartans and others. |
| What was the end result of the battle? | All the Greeks left except for the Spartans, who stayed and fought until the last man. |
| Who was Themistocles? | He had the Athenians abandon the polis and fight at sea. |
| How could it be argued that the 300 Spatans saved democracy? | The Spartans held off the Persians at Thermopylae, which gave the Athenians time to prepare for the battle at Salamis. Had the Persians won the battle, Athens, along with democracy would have been destroyed. |
| How did the Persian Wars affect the Greeks? | The Delian and Peloponessian Leagues were formed. The Greeks were on an emotional high which led to a burst of creativity. |
| Who was Pericles? What were his three goals for Athens? | He was a Greek statesman in Athens. He wanted to strengthen democracy, to strengthen the empire, and to glorify Athens, because he wanted to be remembered. |
| How did Pericles strengthen democracy? What was its significance? | He increased the number of paid officials so that poor people could be politicians, too. It caused more citizens to participate in government. It also made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history, thought there are still few citizens. |
| What is the legacy of Periclean Democracy? | It was a direct democracy. |
| According to Pericles, democracy is in the hands of the people. Is that true? | It was true then, but not today. |
| What did classical art idealize? | Classical art was about harmony, order, balance, and perfection. |
| What were the two types of Greek dramas? | Tragedies-the main character has a tragic flaw that leads to his downfall. Comedies-usually slapstick humor, it criticized things in the environment that should be changed. |
| What is hubris? | Excessive pride. It was often the tragic flaw that led to a tragic hero's downfall. |
| What were the two goals of Greek dramas? | They were tributes to the gods and an expression of civic pride. |
| Who was Sophocles? Who was Aristophanes? | Sophacles was the most famous tragic dramatist of his time. Artistophanes was the most famous comedic playwright of his time. |
| What does the existence of comedy in Athens teach us about the Athenians? | They were able to criticize themselves and had the freedom to criticize their government. |
| What was the significance of the Athenians' loss in the Peloponessian War? | Athens lost its empire, power and wealth, confidence in democratic government faltered, and many Athenian leaders proved to be corrupt. |
| Wy did philosophers begin questioning traditional beliefs at this particular time? | Athens' defeat caused its citizens to have spiritual doubts, so they would be more willing to consider radical ideas. |
| Who were the Sophists? What did they do? | They were the first major thinkers. They would question people in the Athenian marketplace about their unexamined beliefs and ideas of traditional values. They believed that truth and justice were whatever you let them be. |
| Who was Socrates? | He originally followed the Sophists method of questioning, but later criticized them. He believed that there were absolute standards of truth and justice. He also said, "The unexamined life is not worth living." |
| What is the Socratic Method? | A method of probing questions that is used by lawyers to make someone contradict themselves. |
| Who was Plato? | He was Socrates' most famous student. |
| What was Plato's ideal society? | It had three classes: workers, warriors, and philosophers. It also had a philosopher king. |
| Who was Aristotle? | He was Plato's most famous student. He taught Alexander the Great. |
| What two things is Aristotle best known for? | The Aristotelian Method, for arguing according to laws of logic, and the Golden Mean. |
| What is the Golden Mean? | The middle path between two extremes. |
| How do the ancient olympics differ from the modern olympics? | In the ancient olympics, women could not participate, very few men participated, it was a religious event held for Zeus, yielded only one winner who was awarded with an olive branch wreath, it was always in Olympia and there was no winter olympics. |
| What were Philip's two main military accomplishments? | He transformed a peasant army into a professional one. He also adapted the Greek phalanx and added pikes, which improved it. |
| What is the significance of Philip's victory over Athens and Thebes? | It ended Greece's freedom and independence, it was under the control of Philip. |
| How did the Peloponnesian War pave the way for Philip’s conquest of Greece? | It weakened Greece and left it more vulnerable. |
| Which of Alexander's qualities made him "great"? | He inspired his men, was courageous, heroic, charismatic, clever, skillful, built rapport with conquered people, and believed himself to be divine. |
| What is strange about different historians' interpretations of Alexander's personality? | They are conflicting. Some praise him for his good leadership qualities, while others say he had hubris and was self-obsessed. |
| Why did Alexander believe himself to be divine? | He was more clever than others and thought on a different plane. He was able to tame his horse, he undid the Gordian knot, and he never lost a battle. |
| Why did Alexander spare the house of Pindar? | He appreciated men of learning. |
| Alexander sent 300 suits of Persian armor to Athens after he won the battle at the Granicus River. What does this tell us about Alexander's attitude towards Greek culture? | He wanted to be Greek and he was building rapport with the Athenians. |
| Why did Alexander bury Darius when he found him dead? | He may have been building rapport with the Persians. |
| Why did Alexander continue his conquests after Darius was dead? | Alexander believed it was his destiny to conquer and rule men. The defeat of the Persians only fueled his dreams of further world conquest. It opened the way for his armies to continue to expand the empire into Asia. |
| Why did Alexander pour out the water his men gave him? | To inspire them by sharing in their hardship. His men loved him. |
| What four characteristics are needed for a leader to build an empire? | Charisma to gather support, ideas to help change or create a better place than before, military strategy to build the empire, and opportunism to know when an opportunity arises and quickly take advantage of it. |
| What resulted from the empire Alexander built? | Hellenism, which was a vibrant, new culture from a blend of Gree, Egyptian, and Eastern cultures. |
| What made Alexander so great? What did he represent? | He represented a lack of limits of human possibility. He had no failures, was invincible, unconquered, he took a leap of faith into the unknown, and he was supposedly divine. |
| What were the three famous attractions in Alexandria? | The 400-foot stone lighthouse, the museum, and the library. |
| Why was Hellenistic culture so different from Classical culture? | The blending of many cultures and the introduction of foreign ideas modified Greek cultural life. Hellenism's impact was wider and more diverse. |
| What is the significance of the scientific advances during the Hellenistic Period? | Most scientific knowledge until the Scientific Revolution was found by scientists in Alexandria. |
| Who is Archimedes? | He was a scientist in Alexandria. |
| What were Archimedes' two scientific contributions? | He introduced pulleys and levers as a way of lifting heavy objects and understood volume/density. |
| Who was Aristarchus? | He estimated that the sun was 300 times the size of the Earth. |
| Who was Eratosthenes? | He estimated the Earth's circumference was 24,662 miles. |
| Who was Ptolemy? | He placed the Earth at the center of the solar system. |
| What is the definition of philosophy? | The study of fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, beauty, truth, law or justice. |
| What is the main idea of Stoicism? | Do not worry about things outside your sphere of influence, because we just make ourselves upset. |
| What is the main idea of Epicureanism? | It is materialistic, the purpose of life is to be happy, detach yourself from society. |
| What is atiraxia? | Tranquility derived from the absence of agitation. |
| What was the focus of Hellenistic sculpture? | Realism, what is actually there. Physical beauty was the ideal. |
| Why did the Seleucids outlaw Sabbath, Sanctification of the New Moon, and Circumsicion? | They believed man should do what he wants, when he wants. The New Moon was the basis of their calendar. Without it, time was disrupted. They believed that the body was beautiful and that circumcision mutilated the body. |
| What differentiated the Assyrians greatly in governmental methods from other civilizations before? | They established an imperial administration. |
| What is the extent of the Assyrian Empire? | The Assyrian Empire stretched from East to North of the Tigris River all the way to Central Egypt. |
| What was the Assyrian capitol? | Ninveh. |
| What is the definition of a legend? | A story compiled of some true facts and some made up things. |
| What is the definition of an Epic? | A long narrative poem celebrating the deed of legendary or traditional heroes. |
| What is the definition of a Myth? | A traditional story about gods, ancestors or heroes told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of society. |
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