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Chapter 7
Endocrine System
Term | Definition |
---|---|
suprarenal glands | located on the superior surface of each kidney; the outer adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the inner adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; also called adrenal glands |
steroid hormones | hormones secretes by the adrenal cortex |
glucocorticoids | hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have anti-inflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid |
mineralocorticoid | hormones that maintain salt and water balance |
androgens | hormones that influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice |
catecholamines | hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
epinephrine | hormone that is secreted is secreted in response to fear or physical injury; also adrenaline |
adrenaline | hormone that is secreted in response to fear or physical injury; also called epinephrine |
norepinephrine | hormone that is secreted in response to hypotension (low blood pressure) and physical stress |
ovaries | located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone |
estrogen | hormone that is responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics |
progesterone | hormone that regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy |
islets of Langerhans of the pancreas | endocrine tissue within the pancreas (the organ located behind the stomach, in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae); secretes insulin and glucagon; also called pancreatic islets |
insulin | a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin=island) |
glucagon | a hormone secreted by the the alpha cells of the islets of the Langerhans that regulates carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar |
parathyroid glands | two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
parathyroid hormone (PTH) | hormone that regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
pineal gland | located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin |
melatonin | hormone that is involved with circadian rhythm (24-hour cycle); affects the onset of puberty |
serotonin | hormone that constricts blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter |
pituitary gland | located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of the other glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles |
hypophysis | pituitary gland |
anterior pituitary | anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; also called adenohypophysis |
adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; also called anterior pituitary |
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | hormone that stimulate secretion from thyroid gland |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | hormone that stimulates the secretion from adrenal cortex |
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | hormone that initiating the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretions of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males |
luteinizing hormone (LH) | hormone that causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes |
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | hormone that affects skin pigmentation |
growth hormone (GH) | hormone that influences growth |
prolactin (PRL) | hormone that stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy; also called lactogenic hormone |
lactogenic hormone | hormone that stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy; also called prolactin |
posterior pituitary | posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; also called neurohypophysis |