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Chapter 3 Med Terms
CNHP 2010 Chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ankyl/o | crooked or stiff |
| arthr/o | joint |
| articul/o | joint |
| brachi/o | arm |
| cervic/o | neck |
| chondr/o | cartilage (gristle) |
| cost/o | rib |
| crani/o | skull |
| dactyl/o | digit (finger or toe) |
| fasci/o | fascia (a band) |
| femor/o | femur |
| fibr/o | fiber |
| kyph/o | humpback |
| lei/o | smooth |
| lord/o | bent |
| lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
| muscul/o | muscle |
| my/o | muscle |
| myel/o | bone marrow, spinal cord |
| myos/o | muscle |
| oste/o | bone |
| patell/o | knee cap |
| pelv/i | pelvis (basin) or hip bone |
| radi/o | radius |
| rhabd/o | rod-shaped or striated (skeletal) |
| sarc/o | flesh |
| scoli/o | twisted |
| spondyl/o | vertebra |
| stern/o | sternum (breastbone) |
| ten/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| tend/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| tendin/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| thorac/o | chest |
| ton/o | tone or tension |
| uln/o | ulna |
| vertebr/o | vertebra |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvis and limbs (arms and legs) |
| axial skeleton | bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest and hyoid bone |
| bone | specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton |
| compact bone | tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones |
| spongy bone | mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
| cancellous bone | mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
| long bones | elongated bones of the arms and legs |
| short bones | square-shaped bones of the wrists and ankles |
| flat bones | thin, flattened bones of the ribs, shoulder blades (scapulae), pelvis and skull |
| irregular bones | bones of the vertebrae and face |
| sesamoid bones | round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella) |
| epiphysis | wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth) |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| metaphysis | growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone |
| endosteum | membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone |
| medullary cavity | cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow |
| bone marrow | soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones |
| red bone marrow | functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults |
| yellow bone marrow | gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells |
| periosteum | a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone |
| articular cartilage | a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate |
| articulation | the point where two bones come together; also called joint |
| joint | the point where two bones come together; also called articulation |
| bursa | a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
| intervertebral discs | a flat, plate like structure composed of an outer fibrous part (annulus fibrosus) that surrounds a central gelatinous mass (nucleus pulpous) between the vertebrae that reduces friction |
| annulus fibrosus | ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disk; surrounds the nucleus pulposus |
| nucleus pulposus | the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk |
| ligament | a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
| joint capsule | sac enclosing the articulating ends of bones forming a synovial joint |
| synovial membrane | membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
| synovial fluid | joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
| muscle | tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
| striated muscle | voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called striated muscle |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called striated muscle |
| smooth muscle | involuntary muscle found in internal organs |
| cardiac muscle | Muscle of the heart |
| origin of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts |
| insertion of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
| tendon | a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| fascia | a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
| anatomic position | to stand upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart. arms and palms are facing forward. |
| anatomical position (also known as anatomic position) | standing upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward, and slightly apart, with arms at the side and palms facing forward |
| body planes | reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
| frontal plane (also known as coronal plane) | a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. |
| coronal plane (also known as frontal plane) | a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. |
| sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| transverse plan | horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions. also known as horizontal plane |
| anterior | front of the body. also known as ventral |
| ventral | front of the body |
| posterior | back of the body. also known as dorsal |
| dorsal | back of the body |
| anterior-posterior (AP) | from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| posterior-anterior (PA) | from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| superior | situated above or directed upward (toward the head) also known as cephalic |
| cephalic | situated above another structure, toward the head |
| inferior | situated below or directed downward (away from the head) |
| caudal | situated below another structure, away from head. also known as interior |
| proximal | toward the beginning or origin of a structure |
| distal | away from the beginning or origin of a structure |
| medial | toward the middle (midline) |
| lateral | toward the side |
| axis | the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part |
| erect | normal standing position |
| decubitus | lying down, especially in bed |
| prone | lying face down and flat |
| recumbent | lying down |
| supine | horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back ("on the spine") |
| flexion | bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
| extension | straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
| abduction | movement away from the body |
| adduction | movement toward the body |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| eversion | turning outward, i.e., of a foot |
| inversion | turning inward, i.e., of a foot |
| pronation | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward |
| supination | turning of the the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward |
| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward |
| plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
| range of motion (ROM) | total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees |
| goniometer | instrument used to measure joint angles |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| atrophy | shrinking of muscle size |
| crepitation | grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or by broken bones (also called crepitus) |
| exostosis | a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
| flaccid | flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone |
| hypertrophy | increase in the size of tissue like muscle |
| hypotonia | reduced muscle tone or tension |
| myalgia | muscle pain. also called myodynia |
| myodynia | muscle pain; also called myalgia |
| osteodynia | bone pain also called ostealgia |
| ostealgia | bone pain also called osteodynia |
| rigor | stiffness; stiff muscle also called rigidity |
| rigidity | stiffness; stiff muscle also called rigor |
| spasm | drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
| spastic | uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm) |
| tetany | tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction |
| tremor | shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
| ankylosis | stiff joint condition |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | most common form of arthritis and most commonly associated with aging (wear-and-tear arthritis) also called degenerative arthritis and degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
| degenerative arthritis | most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (e.g., knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage. also called osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | most crippling for of arthritis. characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes causing ankylosis and deformity |
| gouty arthritis | acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood) |
| bony necrosis (also called sequestrum) | bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture |
| sequestrum | bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture |
| bunion | abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| chrondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| degenerative joint disease | characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints |
| epiphysitis | inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
| fracture (Fx) | broken or cracked bone |
| closed fracture | broken bone with no open wound; also called simple fracture |
| open fracture | compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound; also called compound fracture |
| fracture line | the line of the break in a broken bone (eg., oblique, spiral, or transverse) |
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