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reproductive path
reproductive pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endometriosis | characterized by the prsence and proliferation of ectopic endometrial tissue; non-neoplastic and has no relation to endometrial cancer |
| endometriosis | may be caused by retrograde dissemination of endometrial fragments through the fallopian tube during menstruation; occurs most often in the pelvic area; manifest clinically by severe menstural related pain |
| endometrial hyperplasia | abnormal proliferation of endometrial glands, usualy caused by excess estrogen stimulation; most often manifest clinically by postmenopausal bleeding; sometimes a precursor lesion of endometrial atypia |
| leiomyoma | most common uterine tumor and most common of all tumors in women |
| leiomyoma | benign neoplasm, is estrogen sensitive; often increases in size during pregnancy and decrfeases following menopause |
| endometrial carcinoma | most common gynocological malignancy, occurs in older age group (55-65); predisposed by prolonged estrogen stimulation, obesity, diabetes, and HTN |
| bartholin cyst | due to obstruction of bartholin ducts, can be secondarily infected, most often by N. gonorrheae or, less often, staph |
| vulvar dystrophies | group of disorders of epithelial growth that often present with leukoplakia |
| lichen sclerousus and hyperplastic dystrophy of vulva | no malignant potential |
| Atypical hyperplastic dystrophy of vulva | premalignant ; pruiritis and leukoplakia |
| candidiasis | most common form of vaginitis, cuased by candida albicans (normal flora) |
| candidiasis | assocaited with DM, pregnancy, broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, oral contraceptive use and immunosuppresion |
| candidiasis | white, patch like mucosal lesion, thick white discharge and pruritus |
| papillary hidradenoma | most common benign tumor of vuvla; originates from apocrine sweat glands; presents as a labial nodule; may ulcerate. cured by excision |
| condyloma acuminatum | benign squamous cell papilloma caused by HPV(usually 6 and 11), multiple wart like lesions |
| condyloma acuminatum | characterized histologically by koilocytes, expanded epithelial cells twith perinuclear clearing |
| squamous cell carcinoma | most common malignant tumor of the vulva, peak occurence in older women, may be preceded by vulvar dystrophy; often associated with HPV infection type 16,18,31,33 |
| sarcoma botryoides | rare variant of rhabdomyosarcoma; occurs in children younger than 5, presens as multiple polypoid masses resembling a bunch of grapes projecting into vagina, often protruding from the vulva |
| leiomyosarcoma | bulky tumor with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage, typically arising de novo |
| leiomyosarcoma | highly aggressive tumor with tendancy to recur, may protrude from the cervix and bleed |
| polycystic ovarian syndrome | stein-leventhal syndrome |
| polycystic ovarian syndrome | increased LH production leads to anovulation, hyperandrogenism due to deranged steroid synthesis; manifests clinically by amenorrhea, infertility, obesity and hirsutism |
| follicular cysts | distension of unruptured graafian follicle. may be associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia |
| corpus luteum cysts | hemorrhage into sorpus luteum, menstrual irregularity |
| theca-lutein cysts | often bilateral and multiple. due to gonadotropin stimulation. Associated with choriocarcinoma and moles |
| chocolate cysts | blood containing cyst from ovarian endometriosis |
| dysgerminoma | analogous to male seminoma |
| yolk sac tumor | similar to testicular from; produces alpha feto protein |
| choriocarcinoma | like testicular version; increased human chorionic growth factor |
| teratoma | all 3 germ layers. mature teratoma is benign. immature teratoma is an aggressive malignant tumor |
| struma ovarii | contains functional thyroid tissue |
| serous cystadenoma | bilateral, lined with fallopian tube like epithelium; benign |
| serous cystadenocarcinoma | malignant, frequently bilateral |
| mucinous cystadenoma | multilocular cysts lined by mucus-secreting epithelium; benign |
| mucinous cystadenocarcinoma | malignant |
| brenner tumor | benign, resembles bladder epithelium |
| ovarian fibroma | bundles of spindle shapted fibroblasts |
| meigs syndrome | triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax |
| granulosa cell tumor | secretes estrogen causing precocious puberty or endometrial hyperplasia, call- exner bodies |
| dysplasia and carcinoma in situ | disordered epithelial growth begins at basal layer and extends outward, classified by extent of dysplasia (CIN1-3) associated with HPV. may progress to invasive carcinoma |
| invasive carcinoma | often squamous cell carcinoma |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | may be due to age related increase in estradiol with the possible sensitization of the prostate by DHT; characterized by nodular enlargment of periurethral lobes, compressing urethra to slit |
| prostatic adenocarcinoma | arises most often from posterior lobe and is more frequently diagnosed by digital rectal exam. osteoblastic metastases in bone may develop in late stages |
| seminoma | malignant germ cell tumor, mid 30's age group, painless enlargment of the testes, sometimes associated with incresed serum hCG, is radiosensitive |
| fibrocystic disease | presents with diffuse brest pain and multiple lesions, bilateral, usually does not indicate increase risk for carcinoma |
| fibrosis | hyperplasia of stroma |
| cystic | fluid filled |
| sclerosing | increased acini and intralobular fibrosis |
| epithelial hyperplasia | increase in number of epithelial layers in terminal duct lobule, increased risk of carcinoma with atypical cells, occurs >30 years |
| fibroadenoma | most common tumor, < 25 years; small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges, increased size and tenderness during pregnancy |
| cstosarcoma phyllodes | large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts. tumor may have leaf like projections |
| malignant breast tumors | common post menopausal. arise from mammary duct epithelium or lobular glands. over expression of setrogen/progesterone receptors common |
| ductal carcinoma in situ | early malignancy without basement membrane penetration |
| invasive ductal, no specific type | firm fibrous mass. common. poorer outcome |
| comedocarcinoma | ductal, with cheesy consistancy due to central necrosis |
| inflammatory tumors | lymphatic involvment; poor prognosis |
| invasive lobular | often multiple; bilateral |
| medullary tumor | fleshy, cellular, lymphatic infiltrate; good prognosis |
| paget's disease of the breast | eczematous patches on nipples |
| paget cells | large cells with lcear halo; suggest underlying carcinoma |
Created by:
swohlers
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