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MT - CV
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Carry blood from the heart to all the cells of the body | Arteries |
| Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valve of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood | Leaflets |
| Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, or tube | Lumen |
| Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening | Regurgitation |
| Circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hallow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening | Sphincters |
| Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of disease, medications, or physiological processes | Vasoconstriction |
| Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls | Vasodilation |
| Thickness of a measure of how resistant a liquid is flowing | Viscosity |
| The outer coat, composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility | Tunica externa |
| The middle layer, composed of smooth muscle | Tunica media |
| The thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel composed of epithelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel | Tunica intima |
| Surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart | Pulse |
| Smaller arteries | Arterioles |
| Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system and the venous system | Capillaries |
| Return blood to the heart | Veins |
| Smaller veins | Venules |
| Methods used by the veins to return blood to the heart | • Skeletal muscle contraction • gravity • respiratory activity • valves |
| Small structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood | Valves |
| A muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network | Heart |
| Sac that enclosed the heart | Pericardium |
| The three layers of the pericardium | • endocardium • myocardium • epicardium |
| Serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves | Endocardium |
| The muscular layer of the heart | Myocardium |
| The outermost layer of the heart | Epicardium |
| Four chambers of the heart | • right atrium • left atrium • right ventricle • left ventricle |
| The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation | Pulmonary circulation |
| The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body | Systemic circulation |
| Two large veins that returns blood from the body to the heart | • superior vena cava • inferior vena cava |
| Blood passed through this valves from the right atrium to the right ventricle | Tricuspid valve |
| When the heart contracts, blood leaves the right ventricle by the way of the... | Left and right pulmonary artery |
| Prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery | Pulmonic valve or pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Carry oxygenated blood back to the heart | Two left pulmonary veins and two right pulmonary veins |
| Blood passed through this valve from the left atrium to the left ventricle | Mitral (bicuspid) valve |
| Oxygenated blood leave the heart through the largest artery of the body called the ... | Aorta |
| The aorta contains what valve | Aortic semilunar valve or aortic valve |
| The artery vascularizung the left side of the heart | Left coronary artery |
| The artery vascularizing the right side of the heart | Right coronary artery |
| The left coronary artery divides into two branches called... | • left anterior descending artery • circumflex artery |
| Specialized cardiac tissue that has the sole function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses | Conduction tissue |
| Conduction tissue consists of what four masses of highly specialized cells that possess the characteristics of both cardiac and nervous tissue? | • sinoatrial node • atrioventricular node • bundle of His (AV bundle) • purkinje fibers |
| Located in the upper portion of the right atrium and possess its own intrinsic rhythm | Sinoatrial node |
| Can alter the cardiac rate | Autonomic nervous system |
| Located at the base of the right atrium. Causing the atria to contract. | Atrioventricular node |
| Tract of conduction fibers | Bundle of His (or AV bundle) |
| These fibers extend up the ventricle walls | Purkinje fibers |
| The sequence of the four structures responsible for conduction of a contraction impulse is as follows: | SA node > AV node > bundle of His > Purkinje fibers |
| Instrument that records impulses on graph paper | Electrocardiograph |
| Depolarization (contraction) of the atria | P wave |
| The depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles | QRS complex |
| Repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles | T wave |
| The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat | Blood pressure |
| The contraction phase when the blood is forced out of the heart | Systole |
| The relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood | Diastole |
| Measures blood pressure | Sphygmomanometer |
| Factors that influence blood pressure | • resistance of blood flow in blood vessels • pumping action of the heart • viscosity of blood • elasticity of arteries • quantity of blood in the vascular system |
| CF: Aneurysm (widening of blood vessel) | aneurysm |
| Aneurysmorrhaphy | Suture of an aneurysm |
| -rrhaphy | Suture |
| CF: vessel (usually blood or lymph) | angio or vasculo |
| CF: Aorta | aorto |
| Angioplasty | Surgical repair of a vessel |
| Procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores blood flow using a balloon-tipped catheter | Angioplasty |
| Vaculitis | Inflammation of a vessel |
| Aortostenosis | Narrowing of the aorta |
| -plasty | Surgical repair |
| -itis | Inflammation |
| -stenosis | Narrowing,structure |
| CF: artery | arterio |
| -rrhexis | Rupture |
| Arteriorrhexis | Rupture of the artery |
| CF: arteriole | arteriolo |
| Arteriolitis | Inflammation of the arteriole |
| CF: atrium | atrio |
| Atriomegaly | Enlargement of the atrium |
| -megaly | Enlargement |
| CF: fatty plague | athero |
| Atheroma | Tumor of fatty plaque |
| Formed when fatty plaque builds up on the inner lining of arterial walls | Atheroma |
| -oma | Tumor |
| CF: heart | cardio or corono |
| Cardiomegaly | Enlargement of the heart |
| Coronary | Pertaining to the heart |
| The most common type of heart disease and the leading cause of death in the United States in men and women | Coronary artery disease |
| CF: electricity | electro |
| Electrocardiogram | Recording the electricity of the heart |
| -gram | Record, recording |
| Helps detect many heart problems including heart attacks, arrhythmia, and heart failure | Electrocardiogram |
| CF: embolus (plug) | embolo |
| Embolectomy | Excision (removal) of an embolus |
| -ectomy | Excision, removal |
| Performed in emergency situations to open blood vessels and reestablish blood flow | Embolectomy |
| CF: blood vessel | hemangio |
| Hemangioma | Tumor of a blood vessel |
| Also called strawberry marks and found mostly in neonates, are benign tumor cells that line blood vessels and usually disappear over time | Hemangiomas |
| CF: muscle | Myo |
| Myocardial | Pertaining to muscle of the heart |
| -al | Pertaining to |
| Vein | Phlebo or veno |
| Cardiology | Medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system |
| Phlebectasis | Dilation of the vein |
| -ectasis | Dilation, expansion |
| Venostasis | Standing still vein |
| -stasis | Standing still |
| Also called phlebostasis is an abnormally slow blood flow in the veins and is a major risk factor for clot formation | Venostasis |
| CF: Hardening; sclera (white of eye) | Sclero |
| CF: septum | Septo |
| -osis | Abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) |
| Arteriosclerosis | Abnormal condition, increasing, hardening of the artery |
| Septostomy | Forming an opening (mouth) in the septum |
| -stomy | Forming an opening (mouth) |
| Temporary procedure performed to increase systemic oxygenation in infants with congenital heart defects until corrective surgery can be performed | Septostomy |
| CF: pulse | Sphygmo |
| -oid | Resembling |
| Sphygmoid | Resembling a pulse |
| CF; blood clot | Thromb |
| Thrombolysis | Separation,destruction, loosening of a blood clot |
| -lysis | Separation; destruction; loosening |
| Enzymes that destroy blood clots are infused into the occluded vessel | Thrombolysis |
| CF: valve | Valvo or valvulo |
| Valvotomy | Incision of the valve |
| Commonly involves use of a balloon catheter passed through a blood vessel in the groin to gain access to a stenosed valve of the heart | Valvotomy |
| Valvuloplasty | Surgical repair of the valve |
| -tomy | Incision |
| CF: ventricle (of the heart of brain) | ventriculo |
| Ventricular | Pertaining to the ventricle |
| -ar | Pertaining to |
| -cardia | Heart condition |
| Tachycardia | Rapid heart condition |
| -stenosis | Narrowing, stricture |
| Aortostenosis | Narrowing of the aorta |
| Brady- | Slow |
| Bradycardia | Slow heart conditioning |
| Endo- | In, within |
| Endovascular | Pertaining to in the vessel |
| Extra- | Outside |
| Extravascular | Pertaining to outside the vessel |
| Peri- | Around |
| Pericardial | Pertaining to around the heart |
| Trans- | Across |
| Transseptal | Pertaining to across the septum |
| -al | Pertaining to |
| Cardiologist | Specialist of the heart |
| Inadequate blood supply to the myocardium | Ischemia |
| Chest pain and tightness | Angina |
| Excessive sweatinf | Diaphoresis |
| Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body | Hemiplegia |
| Muscle pain | Myalgia |
| Elevated level of fatty substances in the blood | Hyperlipidemia |
| Drugs that slow down or reverse fat buildup | Statins |
| Drugs that control blood pressure | Antihypertensives |
| Drugs that reduce thrombus formation | Anticoagulants |
| Surgical removal of fatty deposits from inside the artery | Endarterectomy |
| Progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle, restricting the flow of blood to tissues and organs | Arteriosclerosis |
| Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium | Coronary artery disease |
| Causes of CAD | • Arteriosclerosis • hypertension • diabetes • hyperlipidemia • radiation therapy to the chest |
| Death of the heart muscle | Myocardial infarction |
| Common causes of arteriosclerosis | Buildup of a plaque like substance composed of: • cholesterol • lipids • cellular debris |
| Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves | Endocarditis |
| Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually in an artery | Aneurysm |
| Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium | Angina |
| Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart | Arrhythmia |
| Abnormally slow HR, usually fewer than 60 BPM in a resting adult | Bradycardia |
| Abnormally rapid, in coordinating quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles | Fibrillation |
| Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the purkinje fibers | Heart block |
| Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 BPM | Tachycardia |
| Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur | Bruit |
| Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function | Cardiomyopathy |
| Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta | Coarctation |
| Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threating situations | Embolism |
| Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body | Heart failure |
| Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood | Hyperlipidemia |
| -pathy | Disease |
| -ism | Condition |
| Hyper- | Excessive, above normal |
| Lipid | Fat |
| -emia | Blood condition |
| Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg | Hypertention |
| Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg | Hypotension |
| -tension | To stretch |
| Hypo- | Under, below, deficient |
| Structural defect in which the mitral valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood | Mitral valve prolapse |
| Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter | Palpitation |
| Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially in the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of artherosclerosis | Peripheral artery disease |
| Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs) | Phlebitis |
| Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve | Rheumatic heart disease |
| Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting | Syncope |
| Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation | Thrombosis |
| Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or the thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis | Deep vein thrombosis |
| Normal blood pressure range | Systolic: less than 120 mm Hg Diastolic: less than 80 mm Hg |
| Prehypertension range | Systolic: 120-139 mm Hg Diastolic: 80-89 mm Hg |
| Stage 1 Hypertension Range | Systolic: 140-159 mm Hg Diastolic: 90-99 mm Hg |
| Stage 2 Hypertension range | Systolic: 160 mm Hg or higher Diastolic: 100 mm Hg or higher |
| Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using metal electrodes applied to the chest, arm, and legs | Electrocardiography |
| Procedure that uses small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over 24-48 hr period; also called event monitor test | Holter monitor test |
| ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill) | Stress test |
| Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress, also called cardiac enzyme test | Cardiac biomarkers |
| Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease | Lipid panel |
| Procedure that records a radiograph image of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium | Angiography |
| Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium | Aortography |
| Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscle | Coronary angiography |
| Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch | Doppler US |
| Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries | Carotid artery US |
| Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output | Echocardiography |
| Echo- | Repeated sound |
| -graphy | Process of recording |
| Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called a nuclear stress test | Myocardial perfusion imaging |
| Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography) | Single-photon emission computed tomography |
| Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium | Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging |
| Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels | Magnetic resonance angiography |
| Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction) | Multiple-gated acquisition scan |
Created by:
kaciebrooke
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