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Warber History U1
Definitions of Words for Test 1 (HIST 150)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bipedal | Walking upright on 2 legs |
| Homo Habilis | existed in E. Africa ~2.5 mill. yrs. ago, "Handy Human" b/c they made hand axes & used them for various tasks. |
| Homo Erectus | existed in E. Africa ~2 mill. yrs. ago, "Upright Human" b/c they had larger brains & made specialized tools (handheld axes, cleavers, & scrapers). 1st to migrate out of Africa. |
| Neanderthalensis | Probably out-competed by Sapiens. 1st found remains in Neander Valley of Germany. May have branched off of species rhodensis. |
| Homo Sapiens | "Thinking Humans," evolved from Homo erectus, emerged from Africa with a bigger brain & forebrain. Did NOT evolve from Neanderthals. We evolved from the same common ancestor at a later date. |
| Tigris & Euphrates | Rivers in Mesopotamia in the “Fertile Crescent” |
| Polytheisic | belief in many gods |
| Ziggurat | Ancient Mesopotamian religious structure |
| Cuneiform | Mesopotamian Writing system |
| Akkadians | conquered Sumerians & part of the "Semitic" language group |
| Sargon | King of Akkadia. Created the army that defeated the Sumerians. AKA "Sargon the Great." |
| Babylonians | based out of the city-state of Babylon |
| Hammurabi | King of Babylon, conquered Mesopotamia in 1792 BCE. Improved economy because of funding & irrigation. Famous for "code of law." |
| Assyrians | Semitic people who began to conquer ~1300 BCE but not at height until 700 BCE. Few maj. cities (agricultural); some trading of precious metals & crops |
| Pharaohs | NOT kings, seen as actual gods in the Old Kingdom of Egypt. |
| Hyksos | originally part of the "Egyptian" umbrella, but took advantage of the fact that Egypt didn't have an army. |
| Thutmose III | Biggest empire under him. Became good at plundering. Still wealthy, now displays it more. |
| Amenhotep IV | Became pharaoh; hated how powerful the priests had become. Introduced Aton (new sun god). NOT well loved. Changed name to Akhenaton. |
| Akhenaton | what Amenhotep IV changed his name to after creating Aton to reflect how things have changed. |
| Nefertiti | Akhenaton's wife. Smarter & more clever than him. "only" had 6 daughters. |
| Tutankhamun | AKA "King Tut". Became pharaoh very young (~10 yrs. old). Restored old gods. Tomb found in 1922. |
| Ramses II | when "sea peoples" (probably Philistines) invaded Egypt after warring against Hittites |
| Hittites | People who warred against Egypt during Ramses II's rule. |
| Ra | Egyptian sun god...Sun, father, "head," ...lots of portrayals b/c of sun phases |
| Osiris | Egyptian underworld god... wife is Isis |
| Isis | "Queen" of Egyptian underworld. Ex. of a strong, loyal wife. |
| Anubis | Egyptian judge of the dead. Jackal-headed. |
| Hieroglyphs | Greek word, means "sacred writing." NOT phonetic, but pictographs. Did NOT evolve b/c they were defined by Egyptian government |
| Papyrus | Writing tablets that Egyptians used for hieroglyphs |
| Saul | 1st king of Israel (fighting against Phillistines) |
| Solomon | 3rd king of Israel (ordered "The Temple" to be built) |
| Diaspora | "dispersal" of Jews throughout Western world & Israel won't become a nation again |
| Yahweh | Hebrew word for "God" |
| Talmud | Collection of things gathered after centuries. 1000s of years of Jewish precedents, rabbi discussions, etc. |
| Torah | 1st 5 books of the Christian "Old Testament" ...the 1st holy book for Jews. Supposedly written by Moses...evolved into the Talmud |
| Darius | Successor to Cyrus, conquered Scythia in Central Asia |
| Ahuramazda | Main Persian god (they were polytheistic) |
| Zoroastrianism | quirky religion that originated in Persia. Most didn't follow. Based on Zoroaster...made Mithra into a monotheisic religion. Similar to other monotheisic faiths. |
| Zend Avesta | primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism |
| Mithra | Persian sun god. Most worshipped outside of Persia; huge following in the Roman Empire |
| Ganges and Indus | the 2 major river systems of India |
| Dharma | set of rules that determined behavior based on caste |
| Suttee (AKA "Sati") | Indian ceremony; if a wife's husband dies before consummation. Only in top 2 castes. As husband's corpse was burning, the wife was supposed to burn with him. |
| Kamasutra | "how-to" manual for all kinds of different sexual positions |
| Vedas | Myths & stories revolving around many gods & goddesses |
| Brahman | "creator" god of Hinduism |
| Vishnu | famous for being "the preserver" in Hinduism |
| Shiva (AKA "Siva") | Male Hindu god..."the destroyer" |
| Karma | Lying about dharma (caste) gives bad karma (vice versa for good) |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Born into a Kshatriaya caste family, sought to solve human suffering & created Buddhism |
| Bodi | Tree that Siddhartha Gautama meditated under originally to solve human suffering |
| Nirvana | NOT a place/paradise. Buddhist concept that the soul will disappear (become extinct) to escape all of human suffering |
| Stupa | Buddhist shrine or house for holy relic |
| Bodhisattvas | Already a god/spirit in the area. Believed that this person was enlightened, but instead of going straight to Nirvana, they would come back to Earth to help mankind. |
| Dali Lama | Tibet leader of Buddhism (current is the 14th) |
| Xia (sha) | first Chinese civilization; we know almost nothing about them |
| Filial Piety | "Family loyalty," devotion to family that took over as the #1 goal in Chinese culture |
| Yin & Yang | belief that everything in the universe has a necessary opposite |
| Kung Fuci | Born in 551 BCE (End of Zhou [jhow]). Gained many followers & wrote the Analects |
| Analects | Collection of Kung Fuci's writings. Mainly a political philosophy ("How should we live today?") |
| Dao | Similar to Dharma. Set of rules...the "Way" |
| Lao Tzu | supposed founder of Daoism (AKA "Taoism"), but he actually never existed |
Created by:
Jayson Van Dam
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