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Sig Figs of Industri
AP World History Significant figures in the Industrial Era
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adam Smith | 1723-1790 Scottish Professor Briefly traveled on the continent as a tutor where he met other scholars Never married Image on Scottish and English Money |
| What were Adam Smith's most famous works? | Most famous work The Wealth of the Nations 1776 Advocated free market (not mercantilism) Concept of invisible hand (no government in financial choices) Before he died, he asked his friends to burn his works. |
| Who was Voltaire ? | 1694-1778 Pen name of major French Enlightenment philosopher Spent time in prison for criticizing church and government |
| What was Voltaire known for? | Did NOT say “I disagree with you but will defend to the death your right to say it” (but it summarizes his thinking) Said the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy nor Roman nor an empire |
| Voltaire's relationships | 15 year relationship with a wife of a rich noble (she was a scientist) Later 20 year relationship with his niece Published story of apple falling on Newton’s head. |
| Catherine the Great | 17-1796 Sophie was born in Prussia 1729; was brought to Russia 1744 to marry the potential heir. She learned Russian, adopted a Russian name Catherine, and the Orthodox faith. |
| Catherine the Great's family | Peter III was the grandson of Peter the Great, his mother married a German so he and Catherine were 2nd cousins. It was an unhappy marriage, army officers convinced her to overthrow Peter, in the end he was killed in 1762 and she became empress. |
| What is Catherine the Great remembered for? | She did not remarry but had a number of men She obtained Black Sea access, is considered an enlightened despot, crushed Pugavhev’s revolt, and partitioned Poland. |
| How did Voltaire make money? | Made money from his writings (Candide, Encyclopedia) and loophole in lottery, |
| George Washington | George Washington 1732-1799 Made up story about the cherry tree Surveyor, militia on VA frontier Incredible journeys to OH valley (Possibly started 7 years war) |
| George Washington's home life. | Married richest widow in VA (Her kids, not his) Owned 300 slaves (Mt. Vernon) ordered to be freed on his or his wife’s death. |
| George Washington's political career | Served in VA congress, US continental congress, chosen general. Winning General of Revolutionary War 1775-1783 (Crossing Delaware, Valley Forge, Yorktown) 1st President 1789-1797 lived in NY, Philadelphia |
| George Washington's strange request about when he died. | He asked not to be buried until he was dead for 3 days. |
| James Watt | James Watt 1736-1819 Scottish Inventor of an improved steam engine (more efficient, less fuel) He worked as a mechanic for profs at Univ. of Glasgow. |
| What were steam engines first used for? | Steam Engines were first created to pump water out of mines. Later engines drove RR, ships, and factories |
| Who did James Watt marry? | He married his cousin who died after 10 years; remarried |
| What are some interesting facts about James Watt and his inventions? | He patented several inventions and struggled to keep his patents The “Watt” is named after him He created the term “Horsepower” |
| Napoleon | Napoleon 1769-1821 Born on Corsica, received military education Saved revolution 1795 with “whiff of grapeshot” |
| Napoleon's family life | Famous relationship with Josephine later Marie Louise (one son) |
| What strategic moves did Napoleon make in battle? | Attacked Italy, Egypt; seized power in France 1799 UK General said Napoleon’s presence was worth an additional 40,000 men on the battlefield |
| What was the Napoleonic Code? | Napoleonic Code improved on feudal law, influenced many nations |
| What big declaration did Napoleon make that shocked the people of Europe? | 1804 declared himself Emperor Won battles/ territory all over Europe |
| What was the result of Napoleon's invasion of Russia? | Failed invasion of Russia 1812 Defeated, exiled, escaped, defeated at Waterloo 1815, exiled to St. Helena |
| Where did Napoleon end up in the end of his life and why was he sent there? | Defeated, exiled, escaped, defeated at Waterloo 1815, exiled to St. Helena |
| William Wilberforce | William Wilberforce 1759-1833 Born to wealth |
| What is William Wilberforce's background and education? | Earned BA, MA from Cambridge MP 1780-1825, eloquent speaker, and singer, friend of PM Pitt Became devout Christian 1785 Featured in 2006 film Amazing Grace, Book by Eric Metaxas 2007 |
| What did William Wilberforce fight against for 20 years? What was his life's passion? | Worked 20 years to obtain law to end slave trade 2007 Lived to see law banning slavery 1833 |
| William Wilberforce's family life | Married in his late 30’s to Barbara Spooner who was half his age, 6 kids. |
| What other causes did William Wilberforce fight against? | Campaigned against drunkenness, profanity, cruelty to animals, prostitution, etc. |
| Who was Ludwig van Beethoven? | Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827 German 1770-1827 possibly greatest composer ever. Contemporary of Mozart and Hayden; Bach and Handel were 100 years earlier Increasingly deaf after 1800 |
| What was Ludwig van Beethoven known for? | Composed full Symphonies (90 minutes to 2 hours) of more secular music. Some love interests but never married or had children Organist, music teacher. Most famous, Moonlight Sonata, 5th symphony |
| Who were Meriweather Lewis? | b.1774 grew up on the frontier Attended college, Army Captain, Pres. Jefferson’s secretary Led Corps of Discovery 1803-06 with his dog Seaman, looking for water route to the Pacific], Governor LA territory Possibly committed suicide 1809 |
| Who was William Clark ? | b.1770 grew up on frontier, Army lieutenant Co-Leader of Corps of Discovery with his slave York 44 men plus Sacagawea, Shoshone woman and her baby. Governor of MO territory, d. 1838 |
| What do Lewis and Clark have named after them? Why are they so important? | Many coins, stamps, rivers, schools, counties, etc. named for them. |
| Who was Simon Bolivar? | Simon Bolivar 1783-1830 Born in New Granda (Venezuela) as creole Traveled to Europe several times, wife died, no kids. |
| What revolution did Bolivar join? | Joined revolution, led two short republics of Venezuela 1813-14, 1817-1819 Fled to Haiti, letter from Jamaica 1815, ordered Latin American slaves liberated |
| What country did Bolivar lead? | Leader of Gran Colombia 1819-1830: Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama |
| What did Bolivar help to liberate? | Met with San Martin 1822, assisted with liberation of Bolivia, Peru |
| Who did Bolivar marry and how did he die? | Mistress Manuela Saenz left her husband for Bolivar, foiled assassination, lived in poverty after Bolivar’s death He died of TB age 47 |
| Who was Louis Daguerre? | Louis Daguerre 1787-1851 Daguerre worked as a portrait painter |
| What did Daguerre do to impact portraits and photography? | Early images required hours of exposure to the chemically treated plate Image of horse/boy by Niepce from a painting Daguerre worked with different chemicals before and after the exposure to reduce the time required |
| How did the French government do for Daguerre's discovery? | Street scene by Daguerre 1838 Daguerre said “I have seized the light- I have arrested its flight!” The French government 1839 gave him and Niepce lifetime pensions in exchange for the photo info |
| Where is Diaguerre's name engraved? | Daguerre’s name is engraved on the Eiffel tower as one of the top scientists |
| Who was Shaka Zulu? | Shaka Zulu 1787-1828 Context: growing European population in South Africa Shaka united peoples and trained them militarily |
| What did Shaka Zulu do that made him so well known? | Developed short stabbing spear and tough leather shield Zulu won several battles against UK but in the end could not match western firepower p.587 Alleged his warriors could cover 50 miles per day |
| What did Shaka Zulu probably contribute to? | Probably contributed to Mfecane or massive unrest, war, and population decline of early 1800’s Killed by his brothers |
| What is named after Shaka Zulu? | International airport in Durban, South Africa named for him. |
| Who was Samuel Morse? | Samuel Morse 1791-1872 His dad pastor and “father of American Geography” Grad Yale, excelled as portrait painter (e.g., James Monroe) Married 2x, 7 kids |
| What did Samuel Morse do to contribute to communication issues at the time? | Improved on others’ inventions Created better telegraph system with code 1830’s Persuaded Congress to sponsor national expansion 1840’s |
| What did Morse's first message say? | First message from DC to Baltimore “what hath God wrought” numbers 23:23 Line across Atlantic 1850s failed, 1860s success At death, estate worth $10 million |
| Who was Michael Faraday? | Michael Faraday 1791-1867 Limited education but read widely, began as lab assistant at the Royal Institution Became professor of Chemistry His work with electromagnetism was foundation for electric engines |
| What was Faraday's family life like? | Married but not kids, gifted and popular lecturer, deacon/elder at a small church |
| Faraday was a fellow of what society? | Fellow of the Royal Society of Science #22 on list of Greatest Britons of all time |
| How is Faraday remembered today in Great Brittan? | Pic on UK money; schools, buildings, roads named after him Thatcher said, “The value of his work must be higher than the capitalisation of all shares on the stock exchange!” |
| Who was Abraham Lincoln? | Lincoln 1809-1865 Raised on frontier of KY, IN, IL; almost no formal education Became lawyer, state representative, regularly quoted the bible |
| Did Lincoln ever own any slaves? | Married into a family of slave holders, two boys died in childhood. |
| What party did Lincoln belong to? How was he thought of as a speaker? | US Congress 1840s, leader in new Republican Party Eloquent speaker, debated Senator Douglass |
| What significant thing did Abraham Lincoln do? | Freed the slaves, Gettysburg Address (best US speech ever?) Reelected 1864, saved the union, assassinated |
| Who was Charles Dickens? | Charles Dickens 1812-1870 He grew up poor like some of his characters Authored Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, Tale of Two Cities, and many others |
| Why did Charles Dickens write his novels? | The purpose of some of his writing was to provoke social change Traveled in the US 2x and Europe where he gave public readings of his works |
| What was Dickens family life like? | Married with 10 kids but was unfaithful to his wife His Great-grandson is an actor performing Dickens’ works |
| How is Dickens remembered today? | His image is on UK Money Sometimes compared to Shakespeare Left an estate worth $9 million |
| Who was Charles Darwin? | Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Fun fact: Born same day/year as Abe Lincoln Descended from wealthy Wedgewood porcelain makers Graduate of Cambridge U, traveled on the ship Beagle around the world 1830s |
| Who was Darwin's wife? | Darwin’s wife (and first cousin) was religious and didn’t like his ideas, had 10 kids |
| What did Darwin do that was so significant? | Carried out his research on crustaceans and geology Published Origin of Species 1859 Public not convinced: 32% believe in evolution by natural process. |
| Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe? | Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811-1896 Born CT, attended, then taught school Dad and brothers were preachers, mother died when she was 5 Family moved to OH 1832, married 1836 Calvin Stowe (d. 1886) a prof, had 7 kids. Writer |
| What did Stowe do to help slaves? | Saw and helped the underground railroad Moved to ME 1850, wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852, sold 1 m copies, Christian worldview ] Later live in MA, CT; continued to write and publish |
| What was Lincoln rumored to have said to Stowe? Why would this be an important statement? | Met Lincoln 1862, did he say “you are the woman that started this war?” South published argument against called Aunt Phillis's Cabin where slaves were happy. |
| Who was David Livingstone ? | David Livingstone 1813-1873 Born into poverty in Scotland; studied on his own to enter college Came to Africa 1841 for Christ as medical doctor |
| What did Livingstone do that made him a dominant figure in history? | Did much to explore and map out the “dark continent” Sought to end slavery in Africa with profitable businesses Survived lion attack Survived malaria and other tropical diseases |
| What was Livingstone's family life like? | Married, 6 kids (not a “present” father) |
| How is Livingstone remembered today? | Famous encounter with reporter Stanley 1871 Long list of places in Africa, elsewhere named for him (joke) Member/fellow Royal Geographical society |
| Who was Otto von Bismarck? | Otto von Bismarck 1815-1898 Recall Prussia was an “army with a state” Born to aristocracy, graduated from university Served in legislature and civil service Married with 3 kids |
| What position did Otto von Bismarck hold under Wilhelm? What speech did he give in 1862? | Became chancellor under Wilhelm I 1862-1890 Gave “blood and iron” speech 1862 N Dakota capital named for him Started Franco-Prussian war to inspire German unity |
| What alliance did von Bismarck help setup? Who fired him? | Alliance with Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary “Fired” by Kaiser Wilhelm II One historian credited him with, “the greatest diplomatic and political achievement by any leaders in the last two centuries.” |
| Who was Jenny Marx? | Jenny Marx 1814-1881 Jenny von Westphalen Met Karl as teenagers 4 years older than Karl Had some radical ideas as he had Engaged 1836, married Karl 1843 (although he had a Ph. they were often quite poor) |
| What was Marx's family life like? | Had 7 kids, 3 survived to adult (kids suffered partly due to their poverty), 3 daughters also named Jenny (left: 3 daughters and F. Engels) Sometimes exiled |
| What was Jenny's relationship with her husband that was notable? | Apparently positive relationship (except he fathered a baby with the housekeeper) She re-wrote his poor handwriting |
Created by:
Saenz2004
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