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4.7 Pts 1-3

AP World History 4.7 social categories, roles, and practices

QuestionAnswer
What did the Mughal and Ottoman empires do about ethnic and religious diversity that their culture were exposed to? Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups.
Differential treatment... In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy. Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy:
Who were expelled from Spain and Portugal? Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal: Over the centuries Jews experienced varying degrees of acceptance or persecution.
What was created to distinguish true/false conversations on Christianity? The Inquisition that began in 1478 was originally created to distinguish true/false conversions to Christianity.
How many Jews ultimately left Spain in 1492? In 1492 (significance?) Jews were ordered out of the country and up to 100,000 left.
What happened to the other 200,000 Jews that stayed in Spain? Perhaps 200,000 chose to convert and not leave (although some practiced their religion secretly).
Where did other Jews choose to move? Some went to E Europe or the Ottoman Empire.
Why did Jews choose to relocated to the Ottoman Empire? The acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire was due to the millet system where local areas were allowed to govern themselves. They were regarded as 2nd class citizens so in some situations they were left alone while at other times they were mistreated.
Who stated that Jews grew in status and respect in the Islamic areas and that Christians could have obtained the same respect? G.E. Von Grunebaum Ph.D. Vienna and US prof said
What was the record of Mughals in S Asia as Muslims ruled over Hindus? Mughals in S Asia had a less positive record as Muslims ruling over a Hindu majority.
Under whose reign did Hindus/Buddhist receive more tolerance? During Akbar’s reign (late 1500s) Hindus/Buddhists received more tolerance.
How were the Han distinguished from the Manchu/Qing To distinguish the Han from the ruling Manchu/Qing, the Han were required to adopt a que hair style (shaved front, braided back).
What was the slogan for the Han about their hairstyle? The slogan was lose your hair and save your head, or save your hair and lose your head.
What happened to the Han that refused to change their hairstyle? Why? Hundreds of thousands were killed for resisting as hair was seen as divine gift.
What was the status of women within the Ottoman Empire? Women could participate in business. A sultanate of women in the 1500s-1600s meant mothers and prominent wives of sultans could wield some influence.
In what areas were women unequal to men? Women were unequal in court, in divorce, and in inheritance. They were excluded from artisan guilds.
What was the opinion of marriage and female slaves in the Ottoman Empire? Polygamy in Islam allowed men to marry up to four wives. Wealthy men owned a harem, sometimes with hundreds of women. Sex slaves were obtained from east of the Black Sea and Africa.
What contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites? Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including
What did the Manchu/Qing do to the Han Chinese culture? In China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty: The Manchu/Qing tended to leave Han Chinese culture in place.
What tests were given to determine if people could function in government and military, holding higher positions? They continued Confucian exams. Both groups served in government and military with Manchu holding higher positions.
How was the Casta system organized in the Americas? At the top were peninsulares born in Spain and creoles (Europeans born in the Americas). In the middle were mestizo (European/Native American) and mulatto (African/European). At the bottom were Native Americans and African slaves.
What caused the fluctuation of power for economic elites? The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Existing elites:
Explain Ottoman timars. Ottoman timars: originally (something like feudal system) land granted to soldiers as payment for services.
What problems did too many soldiers cause? A problem arose from not enough land and too many soldiers. The system declined with onset of a paid army, gunpowder, and heavy taxes.
Who did the Sultans tax? Sultans shifted to tax farming rather than rely on nobility to collect taxes.
Whose power in Russia in the 1450s was small and fragmented? Russian boyars started with some power as Russia in 1450 was small and fragmented. They gradually lost power first with Ivan IV and during the Time of Troubles. They lost more power with Peter (he appointed those he favored to a “senate”).
Who made a significant shift from feudalism? European nobility: a significant shift from feudalism. Merchants gained more power; nobles inherited estates.
Who gained more power from the shift from feudalism? European nobility: a significant shift from feudalism. Merchants gained more power; nobles inherited estates.
Who had no choice but to work for the nobles? Peasants with no land may not have been forced to work for nobles but as farmers they had no choice.
Who dominated the nobles? Louis XIV dominated nobles. The nobility system remained a long time e.g.,
Who made up the UK House of Lords? UK House of Lords (church leaders and noblemen).
Created by: Saenz2004
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