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CSA Chapter 11
Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abdomin/o | abdomen |
| an/o | anus |
| appendic/o | appendix |
| bil/i | bile |
| bucc/o | cheek |
| celi/o | abdomen |
| cheil/o | lip |
| chol/e | bile |
| col/o | colon |
| colon/o | colon |
| cyst/o | bladder or sac |
| dent/i | teeth |
| doch/o | duct |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| enter/o | small intestine |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| gingiv/o | gum |
| gloss/o | tongue |
| hepat/o | liver |
| hepatic/o | liver |
| herni/o | hernia |
| ile/o | ileum |
| inguin/o | groin |
| jejun/o | jejunum (empty) |
| lapar/o | abdomen |
| lingu/o | tongue |
| lith/o | stone |
| or/o | mouth |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| phag/o | eat or swallow |
| proct/o | anus and rectum |
| pylor/o | pylorus (gatekeeper) |
| rect/o | rectum |
| sial/o | saliva |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon (resembles) |
| steat/o | fat |
| stomat/o | mouth |
| -emesis (suffix) | vomiting |
| oral cavity | cavity that receives food for digestion; also called mouth |
| salivary glands | three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual glands |
| cheeks | lateral walls of the mouth |
| lips | fleshy structures surrounding the mouth |
| palate | structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard palate and the soft palate |
| uvula | small projection hanging from the posterior middle edge of the soft palate |
| tongue | muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum |
| gums | tissue surrounding the necks of the teeth in the upper and lower jaws; also called gingivae |
| teeth | hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx |
| esophagus | muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| stomach | sac-like organ that mechanically mixes and chemically prepares food received from the esophagus; the stomach has four regions: fundus, cardia, body, and pylorus |
| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | opening from the esophagus to the stomach; also called the cardiac sphincter (sphincter= band) |
| pyloric sphincter | opening from the stomach into the duodenum |
| small intestine | smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach |
| duodenum | first portion of the small intestine |
| jejunum | second portion of the small intestine |
| ileum | third portion of the small intestine |
| large intestine | larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation |
| cecum | first part of the large intestine |
| appendix | worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum; may help to resist infection; also called vermiform appendix (vermi=worm) |
| colon | portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape |
| ascending colon | portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum |
| transverse colon | portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum |
| descending colon | portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon |
| sigmoid colon | portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum |
| rectum | distal (end) portion of the large intestine |
| anus | opening of the rectum to the outside of the body |
| feces | waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid |
| defecation | evacuation of feces from the rectum |
| peritoneum | membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen) |
| peritoneal cavity | space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum |
| omentum | an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs |
| mouth | cavity that receives food for digestion; also called oral cavity |
| hemorrhoidectomy | excision of hemorrhoids |
| hepatic lobectomy | excision of a lobe of the liver |
| herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty | repair of a hernia |
| ileostomy | surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases |
| laparoscopic surgery | abdominal surgery using a laparoscope |
| laparotomy | incision into the abdomen |
| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas |
| polypectomy | excision of a polyps |
| proctoplasty | repair of the anus and rectum |
| gastr/o | combining form for stomach |
| -ectomy | suffix for excision |
| gastrectomy | surgical excision of a part of or the whole stomach |
| pancreat/o | combining form for pancreas |
| gloss/o, lingu/o | combining form for tongue |
| glossectomy | Surgical excision of all or part of the tongue |
| cholecystectomy | excision of the gallbladder |
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | performing through a laparoscope |
| appendic/o | combining form for appendix |
| appendectomy | surgical excision of the appendix |
| anal fistulectomy | excision of an anal fistula |
| -plasty | suffix for surgical repair |
| cheiloplasty | surgical repair of the lips |
| esophagoplasty | surgical repair of the esophagus |
| hernioplasty | surgical repair of a hernia |
| -rrhaphy | suffix meaning suture |
| glossorrhaphy | suture of the tongue |
| herniorrhaphy | surgical repair and suture of a hernia |
| gastric resection | partial removal and repair of the stomach |
| -stomy | creation of an opening |
| colostomy | surgical creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon |
| gastroenterostomy | creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and the small intestine is built from the combining forms for both the stomach and the intestine |
| -tomy | suffix meaning incision |
| lapar/o, abdomin/o, celi/o | combining forms meaning abdomen |
| -centesis | suffix meaning puncture for aspiration |
| abdominocentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid |
| paracentesis | aspiration of fluid from any cavity |
| abdominal paracentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid |
| anastomosis | operative procedure in which two hollow vessels are joined used in bowel surgery |
| baros | combining form meaning weight |
| -iatric | suffix meaning treatment |
| bariatric surgery | Surgery on the stomach and/or intestines to treat morbid obesity |
| gastric lavage | oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding |
| nasogastric intubation | insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis |
| antacid | drug that neutralizes stomach acid |
| antiemetric | drug that prevents or stops vomiting |
| antispasmodic | drug that decreases motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea |
| cathartic | drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative |
| anti- | prefix meaning against |
| -emesis | vomiting |
| -ic | pertaining to |
| Bx | biopsy |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity |
| CT | computed tomography |
| EGD | esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| ERCP | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
| EUS | endoscopic ultrasonography |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| HAV | hepatitis A virus |
| HBV | hepatitis B virus |
| HCV | hepatitis C virus |
| LES | lower esophageal sphincter |
| LLQ | left lower quadrant |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| NG | nasogastric |
| PUD | peptic ulcer disease |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
| WDWN | well-developed and well-nourished |
| liver | organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion |
| gallbladder | receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver |
| pancreas | gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct, where it mixes with bile to digest food |
| biliary ducts | ducts that convey bile; include the common hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts |
| hypochondriac regions | upper lateral regions beneath the ribs |
| epigastric region | upper middle region below the sternum |
| lumbar regions | middle lateral regions |
| umbilical region | region of the navel |
| inguinal regions | lower lateral groin regions |
| hypogastric region | region below the navel |
| anorexia | loss of appetite |
| aphagia | inability to swallow |
| ascites | accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| buccal | in the cheek |
| diarrhea | frequent loose or liquid stools |
| constipation | infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass |
| dyspepsia | indigestion |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| eructation | belch |
| flatulence | gas in the stomach or intestines |
| halitosis | bad breath |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| hematochezia | red blood in stool |
| hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver |
| hyperbilirubinemia | excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood |
| icterus | yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice = yellow); also called jaundice |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice = yellow); also called icterus |
| melena | dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood |
| nausea | feeling sick in the stomach |
| steatorrhea | feces containing fat |
| sublingual | under the tongue; also called hypoglossal |
| Hypoglossal | under the tongue; also called sublingual |
| ankyloglossia | tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum |
| cheilitis | inflammation of the lip |
| esophageal varices | swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| glossitis | inflammation of the tongue |
| parotiditis | inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps and parotitis |
| parotitis | inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps and parotiditis |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) | sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/o=to digest) |
| gastric ulcer | ulcer located in the stomach |
| duodenal ulcer | ulcer located in the duodenum |
| pyloric stenosis | narrowed condition of the pylorus |
| sialoadenitis | inflammation of a salivary gland |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth |
| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus |
| anal fistula | an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe) |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| colitis | inflammation of the colon (large intestine) |
| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations |
| colorectal polyps | benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy |
| pediculated polyp | polyp that is projected on a stalk (ped/o=foot) |
| sessile polyp | polyp lying flat on the surface (sessilis= low growing) |
| diverticulum | an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber |
| diverticulosis | presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation of the diverticula |
| dysentery | inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (e.g., amebic dysentery) |
| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| hemorrhoid | swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois= a vein likely to bleed) |
| Hernia | Protrusion of an organ part from its normal location |
| Hiatal Hernia | protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm |
| Inguinal Hernia | protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region |
| Incarcerated Hernia | hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction |
| Strangulated Hernia | hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous |
| Umbilical Hernia | protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel) |
| Ileitis | inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine |
| Intussusception | prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus: within, Suscipiens= to take up) |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| Proctitis | inflammation of the rectum and anus |
| Volvulus | twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (Volvo= to roll) |
| Cholangitis | inflammation of the bile ducts |
| Cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Choledocholithiasis | condition of stones in the common bile duct |
| Cholelithiasis | gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts |
| Cirrhosis | chronic degenerative disease of the liver; most commonly caused by alcoholism or nutritional deficiency (Cirrho= yellow) |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| Hepatitis A | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water |
| Hepatitis B | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids |
| Hepatitis C | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually |
| Pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| Biopsy | removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathologic examination |
| incisional biopsy | removal of a selected portion of a lesion |
| Excisional biopsy | removal of an entire lesion |
| Needle biopsy | percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle ex. liver biopsy |
| Endoscopy | examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastrointestinal tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions |
| colonoscopy | examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope |
| proctoscopy | examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope |
| sigmoidoscopy | examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope |
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) | visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum |
| Capsule endoscopy | the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows |
| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver , gallbladder, biliary ducts and pancreas |
| laparoscopy | visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the gastrointestinal tract |
| radiography | x-ray imaging |
| upper gastrointestinal series (GI) | x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium |
| barium swallow | x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects |
| fluoroscopy | visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen |
| small bowel series | xray of the small intestine, usually done with the GI series |
| lower gastrointestinal series | xray of the lower instestinal trafter after being given an enema containing dye. called Barium Enema |
| Barium enema | xray of the lower intestence after being given a dye |
| cholangiogram | radiographic image of bile ducts; done during surgery |
| Cholecystogram | x-ray of the gallbladder after oral ingestion of iodine |
| computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen | cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract |
| sonography | ultrasound imaging |
| abdominal sonogram | ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen and aorta |
| endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) | images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts and adjacent structures (e.g., biliary ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas) |
| stool culture and sensitivity (C&S) | isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed |
| stool occult blood study | chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract |
| abdominocentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid |
| abdominal paracentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| anal fistulectomy | excision of an anal fistula |
| anastomosis | a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures |
| appendectomy | treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food |
| cheiloplasty | repair of the lip |
| cholecystectomy | excision of the gallbladder |
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope |
| colostomy | creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag |
| esophagoplasty | surgical repair of the esophagus |
| gastrectomy | removal of part or all of the stomach |
| gastric resection | partial removal and repair of the stomach |
| gastroenterostomy | formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer |
| glossectomy | excision of all or part of the tongue |
| glossarrhaphy | suture of the tongue |
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