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Chapter 2
AP Human Geography
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Demography | The study of general population trends. Population geographers work together with demographers, seeking answers to how and why population trends vary across space. |
Population Density | A measure of total population relative to land area. |
Arithmetic Population Density | Number of people per unit area of land. To calculate: Divide the population of an area by the amount of land (in sq miles or sq km). |
Population Distribution | Description of spatial distribution of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together and where few people live. |
Dot Maps | Thematic map where individual symbols represent a certain number of cases of a phenomenon. |
Megalopolis | An urban agglomeration that stretches from Washington, DC in the south to Boston, Massachusetts in the north. |
Natural Increase Rate | Subtracts crude death rates from crude birth rates and does not include immigration or emigration. |
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | The number of live births per year per thousand people. |
Crude Death Rate (CDR) | The number of deaths per year per thousand people. |
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate | The percentage of women ages 15 to 49 who are currently using or whose partner is currently using at least one contraceptive method. |
Doubling Time | Time required for a population to double in size. |
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | The average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age. |
Old-Age Dependency Ratio | Number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population). |
Child Dependency Ratio | Number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population). |
Population Composition | Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education. |
Population Pyramids | A graphic representation of the age and sex composition of a population. |
Demographic Transition | Observation that a country’s birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development. Model is based on population change in western Europe. |
Zero Population Growth | A state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births. |
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | Probability per 1000 live births that a child will die before reaching age 1 year. |
Life Expectancy | The average number of years a person is expected to live. |
Epidemiological Transition | Change in the pattern of mortality in a society from high mortality among infants (including malnutrition and diarrheal disease) and periods of widespread famine to high mortality from degenerative diseases which coincide with longer life expectancies. |
Infectious Diseases | Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. They diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human. |
Degenerative Diseases | Generally long-lasting affliction now more common because of a higher life expectancy. |
Genetic or Inherited Diseases | Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in humans. |
Malaria | Vectored disease spread by a certain type of mosquitoes. |
Expansive Population Policies | Government policies designed to encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth |
Restrictive Population Policies | Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase (also called antinatalist). |
Physiological Population Density | Number of people per unit area of arable land. To calculate: Divide the population of an area by the amount of arable land (in sq miles or sq km) |