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Chapter Two Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| demography | The study of general population trends. |
| population density | Number of people per unit area of land; the measure of total population relative to land area; assumes an even distribution of people over an area. |
| arithmetic population density | Number of people per unit area of land. To calculate: Divide the population of an area by the amount of land (in sq miles or sq km). |
| population distribution | Description of spatial distribution of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together (clustering) and where few people live (dispersed). |
| dot maps | Thematic map where individual symbols represent a certain number of cases of phenomenon. For example, a map where one dot represents 100,000 people. |
| megalopolis | An urban agglomeration that stretches from Washington, DC in the south to Boston, Massachusetts in the north. |
| natural increase rate | Difference between number of births and deaths in a year. Positive if births exceed deaths and negative if deaths exceed births. Does not include emigration and immigration; calculated with the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. |
| crude birth rate (CBR) | Number of live births per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year. |
| crude death rate (CDR) | Number of deaths per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year. |
| contraceptive prevalence rate | Percentage of women ages 15 to 49 who are currently using or have a sexual partner who is using at least one method of contraception. |
| doubling time | Time required for a population to double in size. |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age. |
| old-age dependency ratio | Number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population). |
| child dependency ratio | Number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population). |
| population composition | Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as martial status and education. |
| population pyramids | A graphic representation of the age and sex composition of a population. |
| demographic transition | Observation that a country’s birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development. Model is based on population change in western Europe, specifically after the Industrial Revolution. |
| zero population growth | A state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births. |
| infant mortality rate (IMR) | Probability per 1000 live births that a child will die before reaching age 1 year. |
| life expectancy | The average number of years a person is expected to live. |
| epidemiological transition | Change in pattern of mortality in a society from high mortality among infants (including malnutrition and diarrheal disease) and periods of widespread famine to high mortality from degenerative diseases which coincide with longer life expectancies. |
| infectious diseases | Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites; diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human. |
| degenerative diseases | Chronic; generally long-lasting afflictions, now more common because of longer life expectancies. |
| genetic or inherited diseases | Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in humans. |
| malaria | Vectored disease spread by a certain type of mosquitoes. |
| expansive population policies | Government policies designed to encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth. |
| eugenic population policies | Government policies designed to limit population growth among a certain group of people; designed to favor one racial or cultural group by discouraging ostracized groups from having children. |
| restrictive population policies | Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase (also called antinatalist). |
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