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Unit 02 Vocabulary
Topics 2.1-2.12
| Column 1 | Column 2 |
|---|---|
| Demographic Transition Model | a sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time |
| epidemiology | a branch of medicine that deals with incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health |
| Epidemiological Transition Model | a shift in the disease pattern of a population as mortality fell during the first stages of the demographic transition. Acute infectious diseases were reduced, whereas chronic, degenerative diseases increased. It also meant a gradual upward shirt in the age distribution of deaths. |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year |
| demography | Scientific study of human populations |
| dependency ratio | the number of people under age 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force |
| ecumene | the portion of the earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement |
| infant mortality rate (IMR) | the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society |
| life expectancy | a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live |
| Maternal Mortality Rate | Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth |
| epidemic | a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease |
| pandemic | disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population |
| zero population growth | A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. |
| Malthusian Theory | focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder |
| Neo-Malthusian Theory | Revisions of Malthusian theory about food production and population growth that include more information, such as taking into account the effects of technology. |
| Boserup Theory | Population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development- opposite of Malthus theory. |
| immigration policy | government rules governing how individuals can enter a country and how long they are allowed to stay |
| pronatalist | a government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contraception |
| antinatalist | Policies that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy) |
| contraception | Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring |
| Ravenstein's Laws of Migration | A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics. |
| xenophobia | a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers |
| population distribution | a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another |
| population density | a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land |
| arithmetic densiy | the total number of people divided by the total land area |
| arable land | land suited for agriculture |
| physiological density | the number of people per unit of area of arable land |
| agricultural density | the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture |
| carrying capacity | largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support |
| sex ratio | the number of males per 100 females in the population |
| age cohort | people born at roughly the same time who pass through the course of life together |
| population pyramid | a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular area |
| Baby Boom | a cohort of individuals born in the USA between 1946 and 1964 which was a time of relative peace and prosperity following WW2 |
| mortality | the state of being subject to death |
| fertility | the production of offspring within a population |
| doubling time | the number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase |
| natural increase | the growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate |
| demography | the scientific study of population characteristics |
| demographics | statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it |
| Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location. |
| Push Factors | Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil. |
| pull factors | Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas |
| intervening opportunities | The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away. |
| intervening obstacles | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. |
| forced migration | Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. |
| voluntary migration | Permanent movement undertaken by choice. |
| refugees | People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. |
| internally displaced person | People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee. |
| asylum seeker | Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee |
| transnational migration | regular movement of a person between two or more countries resulting in a new cultural identity |
| internal migration | Permanent movement within a particular country. |
| chain migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| circular migration | The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment. |
| migration transition | Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage-4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration |
| net migration | The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. |
| step migration | Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city |
| guest worker | a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country |
| intraregional migration | Permanent movement within one region of a country. |
| interregional migration | movement from one region of a country to another |
| international migration | Permanent movement from one country to another. |
| emigration | movement of individuals out of an area |
| environmental degradation | damage to or destruction of the natural environment |
| brain drain | the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries |
| remittances | Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries |
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karaangelos
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