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Chapter 1 Vocabulary

TermDefinition
geography The spatial study of people, place, space, and environment
human geography One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human phenomena, including population, cultures, activities, and landscapes
globalization Processes heightening interactions, increasing interdependence, and deepening relations across country borders
fieldwork Observations researchers make of physical and cultural landscapes with a focus on seeing similarities and differences
patterns Description of the spatial distribution of a human or physical phenomenon (e.g., scattered or concentrated)
physical geography One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of physical phenomena, including climate, environmental hazards, weather systems, animals, and topography.
special distribution Physical locations of geographic phenomena, usually shown on a map.
pandemic An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide
epidemic Widespread, rapid diffusion of disease among a people in a particular location or region at a particular time
spatial perspective Looking at where things occur, why they occur where they do, and how places are interconnected.
geographic concepts Mental categories used to organize and analyze the world spatially
location Position on Earth, including both absolute location and relative location (one of the five themes of geography)
absolute location Precise location of a place, usually defined by latitude and longitude
relative location The location of a place or attribute in reference to another place or attribute
location theory Understanding the distribution of cities, industries, services, or consumers with the goal of explaining why places are chosen as sites of production or consumption. The von Thünen model is an example
human-environment interactions Reciprocal relationship between humans and environment (one of the five themes of geography)
environmental determinism Set of theories that use environmental differences to explain everything from intelligence to wealth
hearth Area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates
possibilism Theory in geography that humans, not environment, shape culture
carrying capacity The idea that land can hold a measurable amount of plant and animal life
cultural ecology Study of the historical interaction between humans and environment in a place, including ways humans have modified and adapted to environment
political ecology An approach to studying human-environment interactions in the context of political, economic, and historical conditions operating at multiple scales
region Area of Earth identified as sharing a formal, functional, or perceptual commonality that makes it different from regions around it (one of the five themes of geography)
formal region Area of land with common cultural or physical traits
cultural traits A learned belief, norm, or value passed down through generations in a culture
functional region Area of land defined as sharing a common purpose in society
nodes Connection point in a network, where goods and ideas flow in, out, and through the network
perceptual/vernacular region Area of land that an individual perceives as being similar
place Uniqueness of a location (one of the five themes of geography)
sense of place Infusing a place with meaning as a result of experiences in a place
perception of place How a place is envisioned
movement Mobility of people, goods, and services across Earth (one of the five themes of geography)
diffusion Spread of an idea, innovation, or technology from its hearth to other people and places
spacial interaction Degree of connectedness or contact among people or places
distance The measured physical space
accessibility Ease of flow between two places
connectivity Position of a place or area relative to others in a network
expansion diffusion The spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth across space without the aid of people moving
contagious diffusion Spread of an idea or innovation from one person or place to another person or place based on proximity. Specific type of expansion diffusion
hierarchical diffusion Spread of an idea or innovation from one person or place to another person or place based on a hierarchy of connectedness. Specific type of expansion diffusion
stimulus diffusion A process of diffusion where two cultural traits blend to create a distinct trait
relocation diffusion Spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth by the act of people moving and taking the idea or innovation with them
cultural diffusion The diffusion of cultural traits like religion and language also occurs hierarchically and follows the underlying distribution of power
sequent occupance Imprints left on the cultural landscape by a series of successive societies. Each society contributed to the cumulative cultural landscape
scale Geographical scope (local, national, or global) in which we analyze and understand a phenomenon
rescale Changing the geographical scope at which a problem is addressed by engaging decision makers and gatekeepers at another scale
context The physical and human geographies creating the place, environment, and space in which events occur and people act
cartography The art and science of making maps
reference maps Maps showing absolute location of places and geographic features
thematic maps A map that tells a story, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon using map symbols
global positioning system (GPS) Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features
mental maps Maps of an area made from memory or experience by individuals or groups (also known as cognitive maps)
activity spaces Places within the rounds of daily activity
terra incognita Areas on maps that are not well defined because they are off limits or unknown to the map maker
remote sensing A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (e.g., satellites) that are physically distant from the area of study
geographic information systems (GIS) A system of computer hardware and software designed to show, analyze, and represent geographic data (data that have locations)
culture Group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people
culture complex A group of interrelated cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils
Created by: Pl233622
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