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Final
Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skin pigment protects the body agains radiations from the sun called | ultraviolet rays |
| Major chemical requirements of the human body for maintaining homeostasis include water, nutrients, and | oxygen |
| A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides is called the | sagittal plane |
| The function of the excretory system is a major topic of a branch of physiology known as | renal physiology |
| A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves, but if the halves are unequal the plane is said to be | parasagittal |
| The study of the body structures without the use of a microscope is called | gross anatomy |
| Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water typify the level of structure of the body in which the main components are | molecules |
| The term "superior" refers to an aspect of the body toward | the head |
| The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into the spinal cavity and the | cranial cavity |
| The anatomical term referring to a side away from the midline is | lateral |
| The organs of the body are lined with a type of tissue known as | epithelial tissue |
| The process working to maintain the body's internal environment within normal limits is called | homeostasis |
| The skin protects the body from fluid loss or gain and serves as a barrier to | microorganisms |
| Heat is lost at the body surface in sweat during the process of | evaporation |
| Glands in the skin release water and fatty substances in the process called | excretion |
| The sum total of all the chemical processes occurring within the body is known as | metabolism |
| At its proximal end, the nail is covered partially by a piece of tissue called the | cuticle |
| Among the three major serous membranes of the body are the peritoneum, the pleura, and the | pericardium |
| The backside of a human is called either the ______ or the ____ side. | dorsal, posterior |
| The two major structures of the hair fiber are the shaft and the | root |
| The last two pairs of the ribs do not attach to the sternum and are known as | floating ribs |
| The lower jaw bone is shaped as a horseshoe and is called the | mandible |
| The three bones of the pelvis are the ilium, ischium and the | pubis |
| When a body part is moved away from the midline of the body, the movement is referred to as | abduction |
| The ankle of the lower leg is formed by a series of tarsals that number | 7 |
| The three recognizable parts of the sternum are the manubrium, the body and the | xiphoid process |
| The anterior rod-shaped bone connecting the arm bones to the axial skeleton is the | clavicle |
| Each zygomatic bone has a projection forming the anterior cheekbone and is known as the | temporal process |
| Membranous areas between the skull bones present in the newborn are known as | fontanels |
| Two examples of short bones in the body are block like bones of the wrists called carpals, and the bones of the ankles known as | tarsals |
| The skull bones and ribs and bones of the pelvis are types of bones classified by shape as | flat |
| The cranial bone that has the shape of a butterfly and forms the anterior internal floor of the cranium is the | sphenoid bone |
| The large hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes is called the | vertebral arch |
| Epiphyses at the ends and a diaphysis in the middle describes | long bone |
| The upper jaw is formed by two bones called | maxillae |
| The forehead and anterior roof of the cranium is formed by the | frontal bone |
| The bones of the body's appendages and bones connecting those appendages to the axial skeleton are called the | appendicular skeleton |
| While flexion refers to the bending of a joint, the stretching out a joint is | extension |
| The first vertebrae of the vertebral column is called the | atlas |
| The unfused vertebrae of the vertebral column are separated from one another by | intervertebral disks |
| Aging can cause reduced accommodation, a condition known as | presbyopia |
| The sensory somatic system is composed of spinal nerves and | cranial nerves |
| The outer portion of the brain is mainly composed of | gray matter |
| The spinal nerves communicate impulses between various parts of the body and the | spinal cord |
| The middle ear bones, also known as the osscilar chain, which transmit sound to the inner ear, are known as the malleus, incus and | stapes |
| The snail-like structure of the inner ear is called the | cochlea |
| The sense of smell is located deep within a portion of the brain known as the | cerebrum |
| The autonomic nervous system operates in a manner that is | involuntary |
| The lobe of the brain where visual patterns are interpreted is the | occipital lobe |
| The nucleus of the diencephalon producing some hormones stored to be released by the pituitary gland is the | hypothalamus |
| Nerve impulses from the central nervous system are transmitted to the glands and the | muscles |
| The thin, watery fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye is | aqueous humor |
| Nearsightedness can be corrected by utilizing glasses having lenses that are | biconcave |
| Emotional experiences such as gear, anger, pleasure, and sorrow are regulated in a ring of tissue at the edge of the brain stem called the | limbic system |
| Twilight vision is concerned with retinal cells known as | rods |
| The peripheral nervous system has sensory receptors located in the | sense organs |
| The three membranes surrounding the spinal cord and protecting it are called | meninges |
| The numerous convolutions of the brain are called | gyri |
| The interpretation of visual patterns occurs in the lobe of the brain known as the | occipital lobe |
| The brain consumes about one quarter of the body | oxygen |
| Because it is a reflex center for coordinating muscle activity, the cerebellum helps smooth gait and maintain | posture |
| The tube leading from the pharynx to the middle ear is the | auditory tube |
| The first activity in the body's response to stimulus is called | reception |
| The swollen tip of the brain connecting the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain is the | medulla oblongata |
| Clear, watery fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord and is called | cerebrospinal fluid |
| The large artery emerging from the left ventricle of the heart is the | aorta |
| The nerve fibers, which distribute nerve impulses to tissues of the heart, are the | purkinje fibers |
| A lock of vitamin B12 may result in a condition known as | pernicious anemia |
| Heart contraction is known by the other term of | systole |
| A slow pulse reflects a slow heart rate and a condition called | bradycardia |
| The blood albumins are made by the | liver |
| On the left side of the heart, the bicuspid valve that has two flaps is known as the | mitral valve |
| When the blood-clotting proteins are removed from the plasma, the plasma is then known as | serum |
| Such things as X-rays and drugs may prevent the production of red blood cells, a condition called | aplastic anemia |
| The calcium-regulating hormone made by the thyroid gland is called | calcitonin |
| Red blood cells circulate in the human bloodstream for approximately | 120 days |
| The only vein of the body that carries oxygen-rich blood is the | pulmonary vein |
| The pressure of the blood can be measured by an instrument known as | sphygmomanometer |
| The adrenal glands may be found on the superior borders of the | kidneys |
| The red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are blood components known as | formed elements |
| A condition in which a blood clot moves from one part of the body to another is known as an | embolism |
| Heart contraction is known by the alternate term of | systole |
| The pH of the blood is usually about | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| After breakdown, the hemoglobin pigment of red blood cells is first converted to a bile pigment known as | biliverdin |
| Those blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are | arteries |
| The pattern of blood vessels within the brain is known as the | circle of Willis |
| The pumping chambers of the heart are the | ventricles |
| Insufficient oxygen and nutrients delivered to the body cells may induce a condition known as | shock |
| The heart is enclosed within an area of the thorax known as the | mediastinum |
| The smallest vessels, which carry blood to the cells of the tissues are called | capillaries |
| The spleen is located in the upper portion of a cavity called the | abdominal cavity |
| The lymphatic system arises in the tissues and extends toward the | heart |
| At the roof of the nasal cavities the sense of smell is associated within an area called the | olfactory region |
| Bronchiole walls are composed mostly of muscle referred to as | smooth muscle |
| Many bones of the skull contain openings from the nasal cavities referred to as | sinuses |
| There is no cartilage in the tubes when the bronchi becomes | bronchioles |
| Lymphatic fluid is filtered in masses of tissue known as | lymph nodes |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the cells of the body and the respiratory system by the | circulatory system |
| Another name for the pharynx is the | throat |
| The lateral walls of the nasopharynx contain openings from tubes from the middle ear known as | auditory tubes |
| The two primary tubes that branch from the trachea are the | bronchi |
| The mouth and nasal cavities meet in the region known as the | pharynx |
| Because men have longer vocal chords, their voices have lower | pitch |
| The spleen is the organ in the body where destruction occurs of | red blood cells |
| The smallest branches of the respiratory system tubes terminate in clusters of microscopic air sacs called | alveoli |
| The cartilage of the larynx that resembles a signet ring and connects the trachea and larynx is the | cricoid cartilage |
| In the neck tissues, the lymph nodes are known as the | cervical lymph nodes |
| While inspiration is an active process, the process of expiration is a | passive process |
| In the process of immunity, lymph nodes serve as the sites for the production of | antibodies |
| Lymph nodes may be found in the popliteal fossa, which is located behind the | knee |
| The trachea is supported by a series of C-shaped rings of | cartilage |
| The lungs occupy most of the space of the | thoracic cavity |
| The nasal cavities open to the external environment at the nostrils, also called the | external nares |
| The two-layer membrane surrounding each lung is the | pleura |
| The left lung is subdivided into two lobes and the right is subdivided into | three lobes |
| The long duct leading away from the kidney and carrying urine is the | ureter |
| The triangular wedges of tissue composing the medulla of the kidney are referred to as | renal pyramids |
| The kidneys regulate the volume of blood plasma in the body and thereby contribute to the regulation of | blood pressure |
| Before fats can be digested into their component fatty acids, they must be broken into smaller globules by the liver substance called | bile acids |
| In a permanent set of teeth, the full number is | thirty-two |
| The series of wavelike contractions that brings food into the stomach is called | peristalsis |
| The lymphatic tissues located on the soft palate are called | tonsils |
| The two main functions of the digestive system are digestion and | absorption |
| A variety of enzymes enter the duodenum from a large gland known as the | pancreas |
| The adult kidney is about the size of a | fist |
| The narrow, far region of the stomach is the | pylorus |
| The waste product urea, which is present in the urine, is a product of amino acid metabolism taking place in the | liver |
| On either side of the tongue within the tongue papillae are a series of | taste buds |
| The three basic regions of a tooth are the crown, _____, and the | neck, root |
| The pigments that give urine its color are derived from substances in the diet or from the pigment in red blood cells known as | hemoglobin |
| The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract is a mucous membrane known as the | mucosa |
| The outer layer of the gastrointestinal tract is known as the serous layer or | serosa |
| Food passes into the stomach from the pharynx through a tube known as the | esophagus |
| A major junction of the large intestine is to reabsorb ions and | water |
| In the stomach, food is converted to a soupy mixture known as | chyme |
| The muscular tube where sperm cells are deposited during sexual intercourse is the | vagina |
| Older males may experience interference with urination if enlargement takes place in the | prostate gland |
| The middle layer of the uterine wall composed of thick muscle layer is the | myometrium |
| The length of time for a complete menstrual cycle to occur is about | 28 days |
| The neck of the uterus that projects into the vagina is called the | cervix |
| Another name for the ductus deferens is the | vas deferens |
| The interstitial cells of the testes are responsible for producing | sex hormones |
| The male hormone that promotes sperm cell maturation and maintains the accessory organs is called | testosterone |
| Suspended below the perineum is a fleshy pouch that contains the testes and is called the | scrotum |
| The failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum is called | cryptorchidism |
| During the process of meiosis a spermatocyte with 46 chromosomes will produce a spermatid having chromosomes that number | 23 |
| The opening of the penis to the exterior is the | external urethral meatus |
| Within the uterus, the organ producing hormones and providing a medium for the transfer of nutrients, gases, and waste products between embryonic and maternal bloodstream is the | placenta |
| The main hormone produced by cells of the female reproductive tract is | estrogens |
| The general name for male hormones that accelerate puberty and initiate sexual maturation is | androgens |
| A surge of estrogen and progesterone accompany the release of the oocyte from the follicle, a process known as | ovulation |
| Transport of the oocyte through the uterine tube is encouraged by the movement of hairlike cell appendages of epithelial cells called | cilia |
| The fold of epithelium partially blocking the entrance to the vagina prior to sexual activity is the | hymen |
| The inner tissue layer of the uterine wall partially sloughed off during menstruation is the | endometrium |
| After birth, the newborn gains nourishment from milk secreted from the | mammary glands |
| Heart muscle is also known as | cardiac muscle |
| The most abundant type of muscle in the human body is striated muscle, also known as | skeletal muscle |
| Muscles that work against each other are said to be | antagonistic |
| What is the full name of the biceps muscle | biceps brachii |
| Cardiac muscle is similar to smooth muscle because it is not under | voluntary control |
| Single-unit smooth muscle cells are interconnected by | gap junctions |
| Where skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, the smooth muscles are | involuntary |
| The type of muscle found in the walls of the digestive tract is | smooth muscle |
| Smooth muscle is so named because it contains no | striations |
| The ends of cardiac muscle cells are firmly bound to one another by | intercalated disks |
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