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CH13
Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cort- | bark, rind: cortex outer part of something |
| -crin | to secrete |
| diure- | to pass urine |
| endo- | inside |
| exo- | outside |
| horm- | impetus, impulse (hormone) it affects other cells |
| hyper- | above |
| hypo- | below |
| lact- | milk |
| med- | middle |
| para- | beside |
| toc- | birth (oxyTOCin) |
| -tropic | influencing |
| vas- | vessel |
| target cells | cells that are acted upon by hormones |
| stomach acid reaching the lumen of the digestive tract | exocrine gland |
| sweat released at skin's surface | exocrine gland |
| glands that secrete substances that are not hormones into internal environment | paracrine, autocrine |
| secretions that enter the interstitial fluid but affect only nearby cells | paracrine |
| secretions which affect only the cell secreting the substance. | autocrine |
| where do hormones interact with target cells | receptors, which are proteins or glycoproteins, at binding cites, |
| What do endocrine glands and their hormones play a part in in the body? | regulate metabolic processes,control the rates of certain chemical reactions; aid in transporting substances through membranes, regulate water balance, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure, play vital roles in reproduction, development, and growth. |
| larger/main endocrine glands | pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas |
| 2 types of hormones | steroid and nonsteroid |
| amines, peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. | nonsteroids |
| How do steroids differ | by the types and numbers of atoms attached to these rings and the ways they are joined |
| what are steroid hormones derived from? | cholesterol |
| what do steroid hormones include? | They include sex hormones such as testosterone and the estrogens, and secretions of the adrenal cortex, including aldosterone and cortisol. Vitamin D is a modified steroid. |
| Where does Vitamin D become a hormone from a modified steroid? | kidneys and liver |
| amines | norepinephrine and epinephrine, are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. |
| amines are synthesized in the | adrenal medulla |
| glycoproteins | Certain other hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland are |
| Protein hormones | composed of long chains of amino acids that are linked and folded into specific molecular structures |
| protein hormones include the hormone secreted by the | parathyroid gland and some of those secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. |
| short chains of amino acids | peptide hormones |
| peptide hormones include hormones associated with the | posterior pituitary gland and some produced in the hypothalamus. |
| prostaglandins | paracrine substances, regulate neighboring cells and are lipids |
| prostaglandins are synthesized from | a type of fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell membranes |
| prostaglandins are produced in | a wide variety of cells, including those of the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, thymus, pancreas, brain, and reproductive organs. |
| what produces a greater response from a hormone binding to a target cell | binding more receptors by a hormone |
| Upregulation | is an increase in the number of receptors on a target cell |
| Downregulation | a decrease in the number of receptors in response to a prolonged increase in hormone levels |
| which hormones are soluble in lipids? | steroid, thyroid hormones |
| aldosterone | secreted from the adrenal glands and stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium. |
| signal transduction | entire process of chemical communication, from outside cells to inside |
| adenylate cyclase | enzyme activated when certain hormones bind receptors on cell membranes. It catalyses the circularization of ATP to cyclic AMP |
| protein kinase | enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation of a protein |
| Cellular responses to second messenger activation include | altering membrane permeabilities, activating enzymes, promoting synthesis of certain proteins, stimulating or inhibiting specific metabolic pathways, promoting cellular movements, and initiating secretion of hormones and other substances. |
| how much prostaglandins are needed? | are present in small amounts, but are potent. |
| are prostaglandins stored? | they are not stored in cells; instead they are synthesized just before they are released. They are rapidly inactivated. |
| what controls the anterior pituitary gland’s release of hormones. | hypothalmus |
| Hormones that act on other glands are called | tropic hormones |
| what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete? | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| what part of the pituitary gland secrete synthesized hormones? | anterior |
| what hormones does the pituitary glands posterior lobe secrete? | antidiuretic (ADH) and oxytocin |
| what lobe does an infant possess that adults do not? | intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland |
| what does the intermediate lobe produce | melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) produces melanin |
| where are the 3 portal systems? | hepatic in the intestines, efferent arteriole of kidney, hypophyseal portal vein in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| what does growth hormone do? somatotropin(STH), | stimulates cells to enlarge & more rapidly divide, enhances the movement of amino acids through cell membranes & increases the rate of protein synthesis, decreases the rate at which cells use carbohydrates& increases the rate at which they use fats. |
| What stimulates secretion of growth hormone? | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |
| what inhibits secretion of growth hormone? | somatostatin (SS), also called GH-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | hormone secreted from anterior pituitary gland that controls secretion from the thyroid gland; is a glycoprotein |
| what causes an enlarged thyroid gland, or goiter? | abnormally high Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone/ “corticotropin" | peptide that controls the manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer (cortex) of the adrenal gland. |
| gonadotropins | follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. They are glycoproteins |
| what are ways hormones are controlled? | a gland secretes hormones when it detects levels are low, the hypothalamus stimulates glands to secrete a hormone |
| which endocrine gland is house in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? | pituitary gland |
| what hormones are made by the anterior pituitary lobe? | TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, PRL |
| what would cause an increased release of ADH from the pituitary gland? | decreased blood volume, decreased water intake, increased osmotic pressure in blood |
| What do thymosins do? | aid in immunity and control production and differentiation of white blood cells. |
| what are some effects of glucagon | coversion of noncarbs into glucose, raises blood glucose levels, stimulates liver to breakdown of glycogen |
| what hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? | T3, T4, calcitonin |
| calcitonin ____ calcium levels | lowers |
| parathyroid hormone ____ calcium levels | raises |
| where is pancreas located? | posterior to the stomach and parietal peritoneum |
| characteristics of endocrine glands | ductless and secrete into blood stream |
| which hormones are secreted by adrenal medulla | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| general functions of adrenal hormones | respond to stress, maintain blood sodium levels |
| the secretion of parathyroid is regulated by the concentration of ____ in blood? | sodium |
| follicular cells | synthesize two hormones, affect metabolic rates in other cells |
| extrafollicular cells | synthesize one hormone, affect calcium blood concentration |
Created by:
ciqbal
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