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APWH/STEARNS
CHAPTER 22: ASIAN TRANSITION in an AGE of GLOBAL TRANSITION
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Asian sea trading network | Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks. |
| caravels | Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia. |
| Goa | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast, 16th century; sites for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network. |
| Dutch trading empire | Based on control of fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited number of products–particularly spices. |
| Mindanao | Southern island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest. |
| Xavier, Francis | Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites. |
| Zhenghe expeditions | Series of seven overseas trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo; led by court eunuch Zhenghe between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire. |
| Ricci, Matteo | Along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; corrected calendars, forged cannons, fixed clocks; won few converts to Christianity. |
| Chongzhen | Last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen invasion of the Forbidden City at Beijing. |
| Manchus | Jurchen people from region to the northeast of the Chinese empire; seized power following collapse of Ming dynasty; established Qing dynasty, last of imperial houses. |
| Nobunaga | Japanese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command; killed in 1582. |
| Nobili, Robert di | Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites first; strategy later widely adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed. |
| Hideyoshi, Toyotomi | General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598. |
| Ieyasu, Tokugawa | Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan. |
| Edo | Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate. |
| Deshima | Only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter |
| school of National Learning | New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century. |
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mcdougcf
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