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ch. 8 terms
digestive systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| oral cavity | begins process of digestion, prepares food for digestion |
| mastication | chewing, breaks food into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed |
| bolus | a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed |
| soft palate | flexible part of the roof of the mouth, closes the nasal passage during swallowing |
| uvula | hangs in back of throat, helps close nasal passage and with some speech |
| periodontium | structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth |
| gingiva | gums, covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth |
| kinds of teeth | incisors (8), canines (4), bicuspids (8), molars (12); 20 baby teeth, 32 permanent |
| enamel | covers teeth, hardest substance in the body |
| saliva | colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth, maintains teeth health, begins digestive process, amylase |
| bruxism | involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, usually during sleep, often associated with stress |
| edentulous | without teeth, after all teeth have been lost |
| halitosis | bad breath |
| malocclusion | any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower |
| gingivitis | earliest stage of periodontal disease, inflammation affects the gums |
| parotid glands | salivary glands in front of each ear |
| sublingual glands | salivary glands located on the floor or the mouth under the tounge |
| submandibular glands | located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible |
| aphthous ulcers | canker sores or mouth ulcers, grey-white pits with a red border, cause may be stress, certain foods, or fever |
| cheilosis | disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth |
| herpes labialis | cold sores or fever blisters, blister like sores on the lips caused by the herpes virus, very common |
| stomatomycosis | any fungal disease of the mouth |
| trismus | any restriction of the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with oral cancer |
| xerostomia | dry mouth, lack of adequate saliva |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| esophagus | muscular tube that passes food from pharynx to stomach |
| lower esophageal sphincter | cardiac sphincter, muscular ring between esophagus and stomach |
| regurgitating | flowing backward |
| peristalsis | series of wave-like contractions that moves food forward in the digestive system |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | GERD, upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus |
| pyrosis | heartburn |
| esophageal varices | enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus |
| hiatal hernia | a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphram |
| stomach | breaks down food and mixes it with digestive juices, has three parts- fundus, body, antrum |
| chyme | semifluid mass of partially digested food that leaves the stomach |
| rugae | folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach , allow stomach to change size |
| pyloric sphincter | ring like muscle at base of the stomach that controls the flow of chyme into small intestine |
| pylorus | narrow passage that connects the stomach to the small intestine |
| peptic ulcers | sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system |
| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder characterized severe restriction of calories |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting |
| cachexia | physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with advanced diseases, bodies do not absorb enough nutrients |
| pica | abnormal appetite or craving for substances that are not fit to eat such as chalk or clay |
| eructation | belching |
| small intestine | completes digestion and absorption of most nutrients |
| duodenum | first portion of the small intestine |
| emulsification | bile breaks apart fat globules so the enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest them |
| jejunum | middle part of small intestine |
| ileum | last and longest part of small intestine |
| large intestine | absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination |
| cecum | pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen,runs from ileum to colon |
| ileocecal sphincter | ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum to the cecum |
| vermiform appendix | hangs from cecum |
| colon | all of the large intestine but the cecum, has 4 parts- ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid |
| rectum and anus | control excretion of solid waste |
| borborygmus | the rumbling noise of gas in the intestine |
| liver | secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats, help remove toxins from the blood, removes execess glucose |
| bilirubin | pigment excreted into bile that gives it a yellow to green color, too much can lead to jaundice |
| bile | digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fats |
| gallbladder | pear shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver, stores and concentrates bile for later use |
| pancreas | soft gland located behind the stomach, secretes digestive juices and enzymes into small intestine, also secretes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid, has endocrine functions |
| digestive enzymes | are responsible for the chemical breakdown of food into simpler forms of nutrients for later use by body |
| nutrient | substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal body functioning |
| metabolism | all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| anabolism | the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients |
| catabolism | the breaking down of body cells and substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide |
| absorbtion | the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells |
| villi | small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine |
| lacteals | specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins |
| papillae | small bumps on the tounge that contain taste buds |
Created by:
malloryharlan
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