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Chap. 6
Chap. 6 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| backward reconstruction | a technique used to track sound shifts and consonants "backwards" toward the original language |
| conquest theory | when a person or a group of people take control of an area and make everyone in that area follow their rules and beliefs//major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe |
| deep reconstruction | technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language |
| dialects | land or regional characteristics of a language |
| dispersal hypothesis | hypothesis that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans |
| Germanic languages | languages that reflect the movement of people from Northern Europe to west and south |
| global language | the language used most commonly around the world |
| isogloss | a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features |
| language | a set/combination of sounds and symbols used for communication |
| language convergence | when two languages resemble each other because of interactions between the people/groups |
| language divergence | when one language breaks into two smaller dialects because there's a constant lack of spatial interaction between original speakers *suggested by German linguist August Schleicher* |
| language families | group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin |
| lingua franca | a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce |
| monolingual states | countries in which only one language is spoken |
| multilingual states | countries in which more than one language is spoken |
| mutual intelligibility | the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking |
| nostratic | language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages, the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family |
| official language | the language selected to promote cohesion between people of multilingual countries (usually the language of the courts and government) |
| pidgin language | a simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common |
| Proto-Indo-European | the linguistic reconstruction of the ancient common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world |
| Romance languages | languages that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not completely overwhelmed ex: French, Spanish, Romanian, Portuguese, etc. |
| Slavic languages | languages that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine ex: Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, etc. |
| sound shift | a systematic change in the pronunciation of a set of speech sounds as a language evolves |
| standard language | the variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, media, gov, and other aspects of public life ex: North American, Australian, and Indian English |
| subfamilies | divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent |
Created by:
a.bby
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