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Chapter 14.
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Crusades | (1096-1204) a series of wars carried out by European Christians to gain control of the Holy Land from their Muslim rulers. |
Holy Land | Region that included Jerusalem and the area around it, considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. |
Pope Urban II | Roman Catholic pope from 1088 to 1099; he called on Christians to launch the First Crusade. |
Saladin | Muslim sultan and hero; he campaigned to drive the Christians from the Holy Land. He stopped an army of crusaders under Richard the Lion-Hearted of England. |
Richard the Lion-Hearted | (1157-1199) King of England from 1189 to 1199; he fought in the Holy Land against Saladin during the Third Crusade. He eventually ceased fighting and returned to England. |
Hanseatic League | An organization of north-German cities and towns that organized and controlled trade throughout northern Europe from the 1200s through the 1400s. |
Credit | An arrangement by which a purchaser borrows money from a bank or other lender and agrees to pay it back over time. |
Guilds | Associations of people who worked at the same craft or trade during the Middle Ages. |
Apprentice | A person who learns a skill under a master of the trade. |
Journeyman | A skilled worker who was paid wages by the master of a guild. |
Gothic | A style of church architecture developed during the 1100s characterized by tall spires and flying buttresses. |
Flying Buttress | An arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls. |
Illumination | The process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs. |
Hildegard of Bingen | Medieval nun and author;she wrote dozens of poems ann music to accompany them. |
Troubadours | Traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Ages. |
Geoffrey Chaucer | English poet; he wrote The Canterbury Tales, 23 stories of pilgrims assembled at the Tabard Inn in southwark. |
Dante Alighieri | Italian poet and humanist; he was the Author of The Divine Comedy, one of the greatest literary classics. |
Thomas Aquinas | Italian philosopher and theologian; he argued that rational thought could be used to support Roman Catholic belief. |
Scholasticism | In the Middle Ages, the theological and philosophical school of thought that attempted to reconcile faith and reason. |
Hersey | An opinion that goes against the teachings of a church. |
Inquisitions | Institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain in the later 1400s and 1500s. |
Friars | Members of certain Roman Catholic religious orders;first prominent in the Europe of the late Middle Ages; unlike monks, friars preached in towns. |
Hundred Years' War | (1337-1453)war fought between France and England for control of the French throne. |
Joan of Arc | French soldier and national heroine; she railed the French troops during the Hundred Years' War and was burned at the stake for heresy. |
Wars of the Roses | (1455-1485)civil war for the English crown between the York (White rose) and Lancaster(red rose) families. |
Henry VII | King of England; he was the first king from the house of Tudor; his defeat of Richard lll and his assumption of the throne marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of a new era in England's history. |
Black Death | A terrible outbreak of bubonic plague that swept through Europe , beginning in 1347. |