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RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Fundamentals of Disease Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| RESPIRATORY DISEASES: An infection of the sinuses, nose, or pharynx (throat) is called an URI which stands for: | upper respiratory infection or URD which stands for upper respiratory disease. |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) aka upper respiratory diseases (URD) include: | 1. Coryza aka the common cold. |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) aka upper respiratory diseases (URD) include | 2. Sinusitis which means inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) aka upper respiratory diseases (URD) include | 3. Hay fever abbreviated SAR which stands for seasonal allergic rhinitis. |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) aka upper respiratory diseases (URD) include | 4. Tonsillitis which means inflammation of the palatine tonsils. |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) aka upper respiratory diseases (URD) include | 5. Pharyngitis which means inflammation of the pharynx (throat). |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) aka upper respiratory diseases (URD) include | 6. Laryngitis which means inflammation of the larynx (voice box). |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) aka upper respiratory diseases (URD) include | 7. Flu virus types such as influenza A and influenza B. |
| CORYZA: Coryza is aka: | the common cold. |
| Coryza (common cold) is caused by more than 200 different strains (types) of viruses that are highly catchy called: | contagious aka communicable. |
| Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 2. Copious rhinorrhea which means large amount of nasal discharge. |
| :Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 3. Pyrexia (fever) in children. |
| Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 4. Pharyngitis which means inflammation of the pharynx (throat). |
| Recovering from coryza does not provide: | a lasting immunity. |
| Viscous (thick) yellow or green mucus secretion is a sign of a secondary bacterial infection commonly caused by: | staphylococci or streptococci or pneumococci. |
| Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 1. Rest and forcing liquids which means increasing fluid intake. |
| Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 2. Medications against pyrexia (fever) called antipyretics. |
| Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 3. Medications to decrease nasal stuffiness called decongestants. |
| Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 4. Medications against coughing called antitussives. |
| Treatment (Tx) for coryza (common cold) includes: | 5. Antibiotic therapy for signs or symptoms of a secondary bacterial infection. |
| SINUSITIS: Sinusitis means : | inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. |
| The paranasal sinuses are a connected system of air-filled cavities within the cranium (skull) lined with: | mucous membranes. |
| Sinusitis is characterized by edematous (swollen) mucous membranes (linings) called: | sinus congestion. |
| Sinus congestion can be caused by: | 1. Coryza aka the common cold. |
| Sinus congestion can be caused by: | 2. Hay fever abbreviated SAR which stands for seasonal allergic rhinitis. |
| Sinus congestion can be caused by: | 3. Nasal polyps which are benign neoplasms aka nonmalignant (nonspreading) new growths. |
| Sinus congestion can be caused by: | 4. An abnormal nose wall called a deviated nasal septum. |
| A symptom of sinusitis is: | cephalgia commonly described as facial pain and/or facial pressure. |
| Cephalgia means: | head pain. |
| Treatment for sinusitis includes: | 1. Medication against the action of histamine (inflammatory chemical) called antihistamines. |
| Treatment for sinusitis includes: | 2. Medications to decrease sinus stuffiness called decongestants. |
| Treatment for sinusitis includes: | 3. Use of a steam vaporizer aka nebulizer or atomizer. |
| OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by periods of: | no breathing while sleeping. |
| OSA is commonly caused by: | 1. An abnormal nose wall called a deviated nasal septum. |
| OSA is commonly caused by: | 2. Nasal polyps which are benign neoplasms aka nonmalignant (nonspreading) new growths. |
| OSA is commonly caused by: | 3. Lingual prolapse and/or soft palate prolapse which means displacement (drooping or sagging) of the tongue (lingua) and/or posterior oral roof. |
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by: | heavy, long and loud snoring and snorting. |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 1. Chronic HTN which means persistent hypertension aka high blood pressure (HBP) |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 2. CVA which stands for cerebral vascular accident aka a stroke. |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 3. DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 4. MI which stands for myocardial infarction aka a heart attack or coronary. |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 5. CHF which stands for congestive heart failure. |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 6. Abnormal cardiac (heart) rhythms called arrhythmias or dysrhythmias. |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 7. MDD which stands for major depressive disorder aka clinical depression. |
| Untreated obstructed sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of: | 8. Premature loss of cognitive (intellectual) abilities called dementia. |
| Treatment for obstructive sleep apnea includes: | 1. C-PAP which stands for continuous positive airway pressure. |
| Treatment for obstructive sleep apnea includes: | 2. Surgical repair of the occlusion. |
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by periods of: | no breathing while sleeping. |
| HAY FEVER: | |
| Hay fever is also known as SAR which stands for: | seasonal allergic rhinitis. |
| Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is commonly caused by allergies to: | pollen, ragweed and grasses. |
| Signs and symptoms of hay fever also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) include: | 1. Coughing, sneezing and nose stuffiness aka nasal congestion. |
| Signs and symptoms of hay fever also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) include: | 2. Copious rhinorrhea which means large amount of nasal (nose) discharge (flow). |
| Signs and symptoms of hay fever also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) include: | 3. HA which stands for headache aka cephalgia. |
| Signs and symptoms of hay fever also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) include: | 5. Ringing or buzzing in the ears called tinnitus. |
| Signs and symptoms of hay fever also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) include: | 6. Pharyngitis which means inflammation of the pharynx (throat) |
| Signs and symptoms of hay fever also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) include: | 7. Nasopharynx drainage abbreviated PND which stands for postnasal drip. |
| Treatment (Tx) for hay fever aka SAR includes: | 1. Medication against the action of histamine (inflammatory chemical) called antihistamines. |
| Treatment (Tx) for hay fever aka SAR includes: | 2. Medications to decrease nasal stuffiness called decongestants. |
| Treatment (Tx) for hay fever aka SAR includes: | 3. Periodic injections of allergen immunotherapy to stop or reduce sensitivity to allergens aka allergy desensitization or "allergy shots". |
| TONSILLITIS | Tonsillitis means inflammation of the tonsils. |
| Tonsillitis is commonly caused by viruses such as: | influenza (flu) and the EBV which stands for Epstein-Barr virus. |
| Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis (inflamed tonsils) include: | 1. Edematous and erythromatous tonsils which means swollen and red. |
| Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis (inflamed tonsils) include: | 2. Dysphagia which means painful or difficult swallowing. |
| Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis (inflamed tonsils) include: | 3. Pyrexia (fever) which is an elevated oral body temperature greater than 100F. |
| Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis (inflamed tonsils) include: | 4. Tonsillar pustules which are pus filled papules. Papules are small raised lesions (abnormal tissue). |
| Tonsillitis (inflamed tonsils) and cervical (neck) lymphadenopathy without sneezing, coughing or rhinorrhea (nasal discharge) usually indicates (shows) a: | streptocococcal infection aka "strep throat". |
| Lymphadenopathy means: | swollen lymph nodes. |
| Treatment for tonsillitis includes: | a. Gargling with salt water. |
| Treatment for tonsillitis includes: | b. Medications to reduce fever called antipyretics. |
| Treatment for tonsillitis includes: | c. Antibiotic therapy if signs and symptoms indicate a bacterial infection. |
| Treatment for tonsillitis includes: | d. Bilateral tonsillectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of both tonsils. |
| INFLUENZA: | An influenza (flu) endemic that occurs every winter in the US is usually caused by the influenza (flu) virus types A and B. The season runs from November through March. |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 1. A feeling of being unwell called malaise. |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 2. Chills and intermittent pyrexia which means periodic fever. |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 3. Coughing, sneezing and nose stuffiness aka nasal congestion. |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 4. Copious rhinorrhea which means large amount of nasal (nose) discharge (flow). |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 5. Thoracalgia which means chest pain especially when coughing. |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 6. Myalgia which means muscle pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 7. Cephalgia which means headache (HA). |
| Signs and symptoms of influenza (flu) include: | 8. vomiting and/or severe diarrhea which means more than ten (10) loose watery stools in 24 hours. |
| An influenza (flu) endemic that occurs every winter in the US is usually caused by the: | influenza virus types A and B. |
| The influenza virus is primarily transmitted by: | projecting droplets when coughing or sneezing or talking. |
| The average distance people can transmit the influenza virus is: | six (6 feet). |
| Influenza can be transmitted: | 24 hours before symptoms appear to 7 days after symptoms appear. |
| The best method to reduce the risk of developing an influenza infection is annual: | influenza (flu) vaccination aka an influenza immunization or influenza inoculation or "flu shot". |
| An attenuated immunization (vaccination or inoculation) means the: | antigen (disease creator) is unable to reproduce (replicate). |
| An inactivated immunization (vaccination or inoculation) means : | the antigen (disease creator) is dead. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of contracting the influenza virus include: | 1. The consumption of nutritious food and regular exercise. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of contracting the influenza virus include: | 3. Being aware of inanimate contaminated objects called fomites. Flu viruses can survive on fomites between2 to 8 hours. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of contracting the influenza virus include: | 4. Separation of infected individuals called isolation or quarantine. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of contracting the influenza virus include: | 5. Frequent proper hand washing |
| Influenza can range in severity from: | mild to life threatening. |
| A complication associated with influenza is an: | inflammation of a/the lungs called pneumonia. |
| Influenza can be life threatening to those who are immunocompromised (weakened immune system) such as: | a. Very young. b. Elderly. Chronically (persistently) ill clients. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 1. Rest and forcing fluids which means increasing fluid intake. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 2. The consumption (eating) of nutritious (healthy) food. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 3. Medications against pyrexia (fever) called antipyretics. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 4. Medication to decrease nasal stuffiness called decongestants. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 5. Medications against the action of histamine called antihistamines. Histamine is an inflammatory chemical. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 6. Medications to reduce pain called analgesics. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 8. Medications against coughing called antitussives. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 9.Medications to shorten the influenza duration (length) and decrease its severity (strength) called antivirals. |
| Treatment (Tx) for influenza (flu) includes: | 10. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for those who are immunocompromised which means weakened immune system. Prophylactic means preventative or protection. |
| LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASES (LRD) | Lower respiratory diseases (LRD) include COPDs which stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Chronic means recurrent or persistent. |
| Chronic bronchitis is a COPD characterized by: | recurring inflammation of the primary (1st) bronchi (airways) and secondary (2nd) bronchi (airways) and tertiary (3rd) bronchi and bronchioles (small airways). |
| Chronic bronchitis is commonly caused by: | respiratory irritants such as air pollution that includes smoke and/or allergens. Chronic means recurring or persistent. |
| Chronic bronchitis is commonly caused by: | pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic viruses and allergens (allergy creators. |
| Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis include: | 1. Dyspnea which means ventilation (breathing). |
| Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis include: | 2. Thoracalgia (Thoracodynia) which mean chest pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis include: | 3. A productive cough which means sputum (phlegm) creation |
| Sputum (phlegm) is mucus secreted (produced and discharged) from the: | trachea (windpipe) and bronchi (airways). |
| Chronic bronchitis is often a sequela (aftereffect) of an URI which stands for: | upper respiratory infection. |
| Chronic bronchitis is most serious in young children, chronically ill clients, the elderly because of the: | complication of inflammation of a/the lungs called pneumonia. |
| Treatment (Tx) for chronic bronchitis includes: | 1. Removal of the respiratory irritants. |
| Treatment (Tx) for chronic bronchitis includes: | 2. Antibiotic therapy for bacterial infection. |
| Treatment (Tx) for chronic bronchitis includes: | 3. Nebulizer therapy aka a vaporizer or aerosol. |
| ASTHMA | Asthma is a COPD associated with allergies. |
| Allergies can cause asthma by triggering one (1) of the body's immune responses to trauma called: | inflammation. Responses are reactions. |
| Allergies that trigger asthma can be: | hereditary aka familial or genetic. |
| Asthma is also characterized by bronchoconstriction which means: | airway stenosis (narrowing). Asthma is also characterized by bronchospasms which are involuntary (no control) airway muscle contractions. |
| Bronchoconstriction and bronchospasms associated with asthma cause a: | whistling breath sound (BS) called rhonchi aka wheezing. |
| Exacerbation of asthma has been linked to: | 1. URI and LRI which stand for upper respiratory infection and lower respiratory infection. |
| Exacerbation of asthma has been linked to: | 2. Barometric pressure change which indicate weather changes. |
| Exacerbation of asthma has been linked to: | 3. Anxiety from poorly controlled stress. |
| Exacerbation of asthma has been linked to: | 4. Strenuous exercise without a warm up period or a cool down period. |
| Asthma incidence is associated with an: | ultra clean environment during infancy and early childhood. |
| Asthma is characterized by: | inflammation and bronchoconstriction (airway stenosis) + bronchospasms (involuntary airway muscle contraction). |
| Asthma incidence is associated with a: | sedentary lifestyle which means little or no exercise. |
| There is no cure for asthma but: | attacks may become less severe with age. |
| Asthma risk decreases if a neonate (newborn) is: | breastfed. |
| Treatment for asthma includes: | 1. Avoidance of allergens by living in a climate that is dry. Asthma is characterized by inflammation and bronchoconstriction and bronchospasms. |
| Treatment for asthma includes: | 2. Avoidance of allergens by using HEPA filters which stands for high efficiency particulate air. |
| Allergens are: | allergy creators. |
| Treatment for asthma includes: | 3. Avoidance of allergens by carefully reading the ingredient section of food labels. |
| Treatment for asthma includes: | 4. Avoidance of allergens by using dust mite proof bed linen and pillow covers. |
| Treatment for asthma includes: | 5. Periodic injections of allergen immunotherapy to stop or reduce sensitivity to allergens aka allergy desensitization or "allergy shots". |
| Treatment for asthma includes: | 6. SAIDS which stands for steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. |
| Treatment for asthma includes: | 7. Medications that increase the diameter (lumen) of the airways called bronchodilators. |
| Asthma can be monitored by measuring the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled with a PF which stands for: | peak flow meter. |
| Asthma is characterized by: | inflammation and bronchoconstriction (airway stenosis) + bronchospasma (involunary airway muscle contractions). |
| A life threatening asthma attack is called: | status asthmaticus. Without treatment, status asthmaticus can end in respiratory failure and death. |
| A common emergency bronchodilator medication administered to treat status asthmaticus is called: | Adrenalin aka epinephrine. |
| EMPHYSEMA | Emphysema is a COPD characteried by progressive irreversible loss of alveolar function. |
| Alveolar refers to: | microscopic air sacs that can exchange (swap oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| Emphysema is commonly associated with: | heavy cigarette smoking. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 1. Dyspnea (difficult ventilation) especially when breathing out called exhaling. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 2. DOE which stands for dyspnea on exertion. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 3. Use of accessory (extra) muscles for normal ventilation which means breathing. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 4. Easy fatigue which means loss of energy. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 5. A crackling sound heard during auscultation (listening with a stethoscope) called rales. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 6. Tachypnea which means fast breathing. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 7. A bluish skin discoloration called cyanosis. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 8. Loss of weight. |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | 9. A rounding of the thorax called a barrel chest. |
| Emphysema commonly causes: | cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) and CHF which stands for congestive heart failure. |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) indicates: | a weak pump. |
| Diagnosis of emphysema is confirmed with: | 1. The patient's smoking history. |
| Diagnosis of emphysema is confirmed with: | 2. Thoracic x-ray picture slices abbreviated CT which stands for computerized tomography. |
| Diagnosis of emphysema is confirmed with: | 3 . ABG which stands for arterial blood gases |
| Diagnosis of emphysema is confirmed with: | 4. Spirometry which means process of measuring ventilation. |
| Ventilation means: | inspiration and expiration aka breathing. |
| Treatment for emphysema includes: | 1. Removal of respiratory irritants. |
| Treatment for emphysema includes: | 2. Medications to increase the diameter (lumen) of the airways called bronchodilators. |
| Treatment for emphysema includes: | |
| Treatment for emphysema includes: | 4. Oxygen therapy which mans oxygen treatment. |
| Treatment for emphysema includes: | 5. Inhalation therapy (IT) such as NPPV which stands for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation and IPPB which stands for intermittent positive pressure breathing. |
| A complication of emphysema is: | trapped air in a pleural cavity called a pneumothorax. |
| A pleural cavity is the space between the pleurae which are: | the membranes (linings) surrounding the lungs. |
| A pneumothorax increases with: | every inhalation and exerts pressure causing lung collapse called atelectasis. |
| Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax or atelectasis include: | 1. Acute (sudden) thoracalgia which means chest pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax or atelectasis include: | 2. Dyspnea which means difficult ventilation (breathing). |
| Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax or atelectasis include: | 3. Tachypnea which means rapid ventilation. |
| A pneumothorax and/or atelectasis is confirmed (proven) with a: | CXR which stands for chest x-ray. |
| Treatment for a pneumothorax and/or atelectasis includes: | pleurocentesis which means surgical puncture of a pleural cavity and insertion of a chest tube. |
| A chest tube will aspirate and evacuate the trapped air in a pleural cavity allowing the affected lung to: | re-inflate (re-expand) |
| A common chest tube suction apparatus to evacuate trapped air in a pleural cavity is called: | Pleur-evac. |
| An atelectasis can also be caused by a: | 1. Hemothorax which means blood in a pleural cavity (pleural space). |
| An atelectasis can also be caused by a: | 2. Pyothorax which means pus in a pleural cavity. |
| An atelectasis can also be caused by a: | 3. Hydrothorax which means fluid in a pleural cavity. |
| An atelectasis can also be spontaneous which means: | without cause. |
| CYSTIC FIBROSIS: | CF is a hereditary COPD affecting the lungs and pancreas of children and young adults. |
| A serious manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) is: | the production of copious viscous sputum which means large amount of thick phlegm. |
| Copious viscous sputum (phlegm): | increases the risk of inflammation of a/the lungs called pneumonia. |
| Signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: | 1. Dyspnea which means difficult ventilation (breathing). |
| Signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: | 2. A whistling breath sound called rhonchi aka wheezing. |
| Signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: | 3. Chronic (persistent) expectoration of viscous (thick) sputum (phlegm). |
| Complications of cystic fibrosis (CF) include: | 1. Trapped air in a pleural cavity (space) causing a pneumothorax. |
| Complications of cystic fibrosis (CF) include: | 2. Lung collapse called atelectasis. |
| Treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) includes: | 1. Medication to treat pulmonary bacterial infections called antibiotics. |
| Treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) includes: | 2. Medications to break up sputum for easier expectoration (coughing up) called mucolytics. |
| Treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) includes: | 3. Therapy to loosen sputum for easier expectoration (coughing up) called "pulmonary toilet". |
| "Pulmonary toilet" therapy includes: | 1. DB (deep breathing) and strong expectoration which means forceful coughing. |
| "Pulmonary toilet" therapy includes: | 2. Positioning the head lower than the feet for gravity to assist with sputum (phlegm) removal called postural drainage. |
| "Pulmonary toilet" therapy includes: | 3. CPT which stands for chest physiotherapy. Chest physiotherapy refers to percussion and vibration which means clapping and shaking. |
| A vest (sleeveless garment) to provide CPT (chest physiotherapy) by rapidly vibrating the thorax is abbreviated HFCWO which stands for: | high frequency chest wall oscillation. |
| Cystic fibrosis also causes obstruction (occlusion) of the pancreatic ducts preventing secretion of: | pancreatic digestive enzymes. Deficient secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes causes malnutrition. |
| Treatment for pancreatic digestive enzyme deficiency requires: | administration of oral pancreatic digestive enzyme replacement therapy a.c. before meals. |
| PNEUMONIA: | Pneumonia is an inflammation of a lung and an accumulation of fluid and/or pus. |
| The fluid and/or pus accumulation can solidify called: | consolidation. |
| Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of: | pathogenic organisms. |
| Pneumonia is more common in those who are immunocompromised such as: | 1. The very young. 2. The elderly 3. Those with AIDS. |
| Pneumonia is more common in those who are immunocompromised such as: | 4. Those with DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Pneumonia is more common in those who are immunocompromised such as: | 5. Those receiving chemotherapy aka antineoplastic medications. |
| Pneumonia is more common in those who are immunocompromised such as: | 6. Those with chronic degeneration (deterioration) of the liver called cirrhosis. |
| Pneumonia is more common in those who are immunocompromised such as: | 7. Postoperative clients which means after surgery. Postoperative clients are at greater risk of pneumonia because of their reluctance to breathe deeply and cough. |
| Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: | 1. Fatigue which means loss of energy. |
| Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: | 2. Chills and intermittent pyrexia which means periodic fever. |
| Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: | 3. Dyspnea which means difficult ventilation (breathing) |
| Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include:v | 4. Thoracalgia which means chest pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: | 5. A productive cough which means sputum (phlegm) is expectorated. |
| Sputum is mucus secreted (produced and discharged) from the: | trachea (windpipe) and bronchi (airways). |
| PNEUMONIA TYPES | 1. Inflammation and accumulation of fluid and/or pus in a section of a lung called lobar pneumonia. |
| Treatment for lobar pneumonia includes rest and consumption of: | a. Clear liquids to reduce the viscosity of expectorated mucus called sputum or phlegm. |
| Treatment for lobar pneumonia includes consumption of: | b. Nutritious food to strengthen the immune system. |
| Treatment for lobar pneumonia: | c. Antibiotic therapy for pneumonia caused by bacterial infection. Antibiotic therapy is not effective against viral infections. |
| Treatment for lobar pneumonia: | d. Therapy to loosen sputum (phlegm) for easier expectoration called "pulmonary toilet". |
| Types of pneumonia include: | 2. Inflammation and accumulation of fluid and/or pus that is diffuse (spread out) called bronchopneumonia. |
| Treatment for bronchopneumonia includes: | c. Antibiotic therapy for pneumonia caused by bacterial infections. Antibiotic therapy is not effective against viral infections. |
| Treatment for bronchopneumonia includes: | d. Therapy treatment to loosen sputum for easier expectoration. |
| Types of pneumonia include: | 3. Inflammation and accumulation of fluid and/or pus that is mild and may resolve (end) without medical attention called atypical pneumonia aka "walking pneumonia". |
| Types of pneumonia include: | 4. Inflammation and accumulation of fluid and/or pus that develops as a complication called secondary pneumonia. Complications means a secondary pneumonia develops during a primary (1st) disease. |
| A dangerous secondary pneumonia is a complication of: | influenza (flu). |
| Diagnosis of pneumonia is confirmed with: | 1. CXR which stands for chest x-ray. |
| Diagnosis of pneumonia is confirmed with: | 2. Sputum C+S which stands for sputum culture and sensitivity. |
| A culture and sensitivity (C+S) is a: | microbiology test to grow the suspected antigen (pathogen) and determine the most effective medications. |
| Microbiology means: | the study of small life. |
| Pneumonia or any other pathological condition that subsides (diminishes or disappears) is called: | resolution. |
| PLEURISY: | Pleurisy means inflammation of the pleural membranes aka pleuritis. Pleural membranes are protective linings surrounding the lungs. |
| Pleurisy (pleuritis) can be a complication of any pulmonary (lung) | pathology (disease). The primary symptom of pleurisy (pleuritis) is a sharp stabbing thoracalgia (chest pain) during inspiration (inhalation) and coughing. |
| TUBERCULOSIS: | Tuberculosis (TB) is primarily a pulmonary (lung) bacterial infection. |
| Infection means: | entry and proliferation (rapid reproduction) of a pathogenic (disease creating) microorganism (microbe). |
| Untreated tuberculosis TB can spread to the: | kidneys and/or brain and/or bone. |
| Tuberculosis is transmitted (spread) by: | respiratory droplets created during ventilation (breathing) and/or coughing and/or sneezing. |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis include: | 1. Fatigue which means loss of energy. |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis include: | 2. Loss of weight. |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis include: | 3. Nocturnal diaphoresis which means night swats. |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis include: | 4. SOB which means shortness of breath. |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis include: | 5. A productive cough which means sputum (phlegm) is expectorated. |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis include: | 6. Thoracalgia which means chest pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis include: | 7. Hemoptysis in advanced stage which means expectorating (coughing up) blood. |
| Those infected with tuberculosis (TB) can be asymptomatic which mean: | no symptoms. |
| Exposure to tuberculosis (TB) can be confirmed with a titer which is a blood test to detect (show): | tuberculin antibodies. |
| Diagnosis of tuberculosis is confirmed with: | 1. CXR which stands for chest x-ray. |
| Diagnosis of tuberculosis is confirmed with: | 2. Sputum C+S which stands for sputum culture and sensitivity. |
| Tuberculosis is very serious for those who are immunocompromised (weakened immune system such as: | 1. Those with AIDS which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. |
| Tuberculosis is very serious for those who are immunocompromised (weakened immune system such as: | 2. Homeless. |
| Tuberculosis is very serious for those who are immunocompromised (weakened immune system such as: | 3. Infected immigrants. |
| Treatment for tuberculosis includes: | multiple antituberculin antibiotics administered for 4-9 months. |
| MDRTB stands for: | multidrug resistant tuberculosis. |
| BROCHOGENIC CARCINOMA (BC): | Bronchogenic carcinoma (BC) is a pulmonary (lung) malignancy commonly associated with cigarette smoking. Malignancy means ability to spread. |
| Bronchogenic carcinoma (BC) occurs more often in: | men. |
| Bronchogenic carcinoma (BC) is the leading cause of: | cancer (CA) mortality (death) in the US. |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma include: | 1. Fatigue which means loss of energy. |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma include: | 2. Anorexia which means no appetite. |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma include: | 3. Loss of weight. |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma include: | 4. Dyspnea which means difficult ventilation (breathing). |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma include: | 5. Chronic (persistent) cough often called a "smoker's cough". |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma include: | 6. Hemoptysis which means expectorating (coughing up) blood. |
| Diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma is confirmed with: | 1. Bronchoscopy which means process of using a lighted instrument to view the bronchi (airways). |
| Diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma is confirmed with: | 2. Bx which means biopsy. |
| Treatment for bronchogenic carcinoma includes: | 1. Beams of intense energy called radiation therapy. |
| Treatment for bronchogenic carcinoma includes: | 2. Antineoplastic therapy aka chemotherapy. |
| Surgical treatment for bronchogenic carcinoma includes: | 1. Lobectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of the affected lobe. |
| Surgical treatment for bronchogenic carcinoma includes: | 2. Pneumonectomy which means surgical (excision) of the affected lung. |
| The prognosis (Px) for BC is poor due to: | early metastasis through the lymphatic system. |
| SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS): | Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is aka "crib death". |
| SIDS is idiopathic which means: | unknown cause. SIDS is the major cause of mortality between ages of one month and one year. |
| SIDS risk increases with: | 1. Premature infants which means born before 37 weeks of gestation (pregnancy). |
| SIDS risk increases with: | 2. A birth weight less than 5.5 lbs. |
| SIDS risk increases with: | 3. Multiple births which means more than 1 birth. |
| SIDS risk increases with: | 4 . Infants born to teenagers. |
| SIDS risk increases with: | 5. Women who consume alcohol (ETOH) and/or tobacco and/or drugs during gestation (pregnancy). |
| SIDS risk increases with: | 6. Women who contract (acquire) a sexually transmitted disease (STD) during pregnancy (gestation) |
| SIDS risk increases with: | 7. Women with deficient or absent prenatal care. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of SIDS include: | 1. Placing the infant on their back to sleep. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of SIDS include: | 2. Using a firm sleep surface with a fitted sheet. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of SIDS include: | 3. Keeping the infant's sleeping area free of soft objects, toys or loose bedding. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of SIDS include: | 4. Keeping the infant from overheating during sleep. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of SIDS include: | 5. Not allowing the infant to sleep in an adult bed, chair, or couch. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of SIDS include: | 6. Not exposing the infant to smoke. |
| Methods to reduce the risk of SIDS include: | 7. Infant consumption of breast milk. |
| The most common cause of infant injury and death is ASSB which stands for: | accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. |
| Infants at high risk for sudden infant death syndrome are commonly prescribed: | an apnea (no breathing) monitor. |
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