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TLOM chapter 10
The language of medicine 8th edition chapter 10 nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CNS is composed of? | The brain and spinal cord |
| Efferent nerves carry impulses | away from the CNS |
| Afferent nerves carry impulses | towards the CNS |
| Two types of autonomic nerves | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| slows the body down which slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates peristalsis to clear the rectum. | parasympathetic |
| stimulate the body in time of stress which increases heart rate, dilates airways, blood pressure goes up, stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete epinephrine, and slows digestion | sympathetic |
| Ganglia | group of cells or tissues that occur outside the brain and spinal cord |
| Ganglia singular | ganglion |
| An individual nerve cell is a | Neuron |
| Multiple sclerosis occurs when | the myelin sheath is destroyed and replaced with plaque |
| blephar/o | Eyelid |
| atel/o | Incompleate |
| apoplexy | Stroke |
| -lexia | Word, phrase |
| -extra | outside |
| What is CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) | Fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord. |
| Dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to recieve the nervous impulse |
| Axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell |
| Astrocyte | A type of glial (Neurologlial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries. |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends (synapses) of nerve cells. |
| Blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out. |
| Arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| ANS (Autonomic Nervous system) | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands and internal organs. |
| Brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. |
| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord. |
| Cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus. |
| Cerebellum | Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance. |
| Cerebral Cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells;grey matter of the brain. |
| Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity. |
| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain |
| Dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord |
| Ependymal cell | A glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid. |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| encephal/o | brain |
| gli/o | glial cells |
| lept/o | thin, slender |
| mening/o | membranes, meninges |
| my/o | muscle |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| neur/o | nerve |
| pont/o | pons |
| radicul/o | nerve root |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thec/o | sheath(refers to the meninges) |
| vag/o | vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) |
| alges/o | excessive sensitivity to pain |
| -algia | pain |
| caus/o | burning |
| comat/o | deep sleep (coma) |
| esthesi/o | feeling, nervous sensation |
| kines/o | movement |
| -kinesia | Movement |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| lex/o | word, phrase |
| -paresis | weakness |
| -phasia | speech |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| -praxia | action |
| -sthenia | strength |
| syncop/o | to cut off, cut short |
| tax/o | order, coordination |
| Pons | Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connection various parts of the brain. (Latin pons means bridge) |
| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature and secretions from the pituitary gland |
| medulla oblongata | Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here. |
| meninges | Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| myelin sheath | White fatty tissue that surrounds, and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons. |
| Nerve | Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses |
| neuron | Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body |
| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, chich can be a nerve cell, muscle cell of gland cell. |
| Peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal and autonomic nerves. |
| pia mater | Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges. |
| Plexus | Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical and crachial plexuses. |
| Receptor | Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to the nerves within the body. The skin, ears, eyes and taste buds are receptors. |
| Sensory nerves | Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor |
| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin. |
| Stimulus (stimuli plural) | Agent of change (light, sound and touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. |
| stroma | Connective and supporting tissue of an organ.Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain |
| sulcus (sulci plural) | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex |
| synapse | Space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another cell such as muscle or gland cell. |
| Thalamus | Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum. |
| Vagus nerve | Tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus and stomach. |
| Ventricals of the brain | Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Hydrocephalus | Abnormal accumulation for fluid(CSF) in the brain |
| Spina Bifida | Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts. |
| Alzheimer disease | Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia) with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning. |
| Epilepsy | Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. |
| Huntington Disease | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles |
| Parkinsons Disease | Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles and slowness of movement. |
| Palsy | Paralysis(partial or compleate loss of moto function) |
| Tourette syndrome | Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words |
| Herpes Zoster (Shingles) | Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)encephalopathy | Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS |
| Brain tumor | Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges. |
| cerebral concussion | Temporary brain dysfunction ( brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours. |
| cerebral contusion | Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer then 24 hours |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke |
| meningi/o | membranes, meninges |
| -kinesis | movement |
| -kinetic | Movement |
| -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain |
| -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation |
| kinesi/o | movement |
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Samples of CSF are examined |
| cerebral angiography | X-Ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel system in the brain after injection of contrast material. |
| Computed tomography (CT) of the brain | X-Ray technique that generates computerized cross-sectional images of the brain and spinal cord |
| myelography | X-Ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain | Magnetic and radio waves create an image of the brain in all three planes. |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) scan | Computerized radiologic technique useing radioactive glucose to image the metabolic activity of cells. |
| Doppler/ultrasound studies | Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracrania arteries. |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain |
| Lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae |
| Stereotactic radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain |
| AD | Alzheimer disease |
| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein |
| ALS | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- Lou Gehrig;s disease |
| meningi/o | membranes, meninges |
| -kinesis | movement |
| -kinetic | Movement |
| -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain |
| -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation |
| kinesi/o | movement |
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Samples of CSF are examined |
| cerebral angiography | X-Ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel system in the brain after injection of contrast material. |
| Computed tomography (CT) of the brain | X-Ray technique that generates computerized cross-sectional images of the brain and spinal cord |
| myelography | X-Ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain | Magnetic and radio waves create an image of the brain in all three planes. |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) scan | Computerized radiologic technique useing radioactive glucose to image the metabolic activity of cells. |
| Doppler/ultrasound studies | Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracrania arteries. |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain |
| Lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae |
| Stereotactic radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain |
| AD | Alzheimer disease |
| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein |
| ALS | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- Lou Gehrig's disease |
| AVM | Arteriovenous malformation |
| CNS | Central nervous system |
| CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| CT | Computed tomography |
| CVA | Cerebrovascular accident |
| EEG | Electroencephalography |
| GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Neurotransmitter) |
| ICP | Intracrainial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg) |
| LP | Lumbar puncture |
| MAC | Monitored anesthetic care |
| MG | Myasthenia gravis |
| MRA | Magnetic resonance angiography |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MS | Multiple sclerosis |
| 1/2P | Hemiparesis |
| PET | Positron emission tomography |
| PSRS | Proton stereotactic radiosurgery |
| Sz | Seizure |
| TBI | Traumatic brain injury |
| TENS | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations |
| TIA | Transient ischemic attack |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator; a clot dissolving drug used as therapy for strokes |
| diencephalon | highest portion of the brain stem |
Created by:
tracy337
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