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A&P Ch 15 Urinary Sy
Urinary Systen
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| kidneys are located | posterior to the peritoneum and in the superior lumbar region |
| major factor regulating sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid (ECF) is | aldosterone |
| structural and functional units of the urinary system are | nephrons |
| glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule | correct pathway of glomerular filtrate through the nephron |
| hilus is not | a layer surrounding the kidney |
| painful urination | dysuria |
| "tube" that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world is | urethra |
| "tube" that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is | ureter |
| urinary bladder is made up of | 3 smooth muscle layers |
| when moderately full the urinary bladder may contain | 500ml of urine |
| two sphincters are found in | urethra |
| by the age of 4 yrs old, children should be able to control | voluntary urination through the night |
| this drops by about 50% by the age of 70 | glomerular filtration rate |
| the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle ____ sodium chlorida into interstitim | actively transports |
| active transport in ascending limb of the Loop of Henle _____ concentration of interstitium | increases |
| the fluid inside the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle becomes more | diluted |
| highest concentration of NaCl- in the Loop of Henle is found | near bottom of the loop |
| descending limb of the Loop of Henle supplies ____ to ascending limb | sodium chloride |
| the cells in the descending loop are not permeable to solute, therefore | filtrate becomes more concentrated as water diffuses out |
| very dilute urine with a low specific gravity in the urine indicates | diabetes insipidus |
| excessive fluid intake would lead to the formation of | dilute urine with a low specific gravity |
| blood flows into the glomerulus from | afferent arteriole |
| Podocytes are | cells of the inner layer of the glomerular capsule |
| fluid enters the loop from the | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
| bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle, collectively known as the | detrusor muscle |
| bladder wall mucosa consists of | transitional epithelium |
| detrusor muscle & transitional epithelium make the bladder uniquely suited for | storage |
| regulation of blood pH, by elimination of excess acids/alkaline substances from body, is accomplished by | renal mechanism |
| what are the structural and functional units of the kidneys involved in forming urine? | nephrons |
| what enzyme produced by the kidneys helps to regulate blood pressure? | renin |
| aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, helps to | regulate the concentration of sodium ions and other ions in the extracellular fluid |
| what is normally present in filtrate forced from glomerular capillaries but doesn't normally appear in the urine? | glucose |
| filtrate that is formed is essentially blood plasma, which lacks a vital component | proteins |
| what enters the renal tubule by both filtration & secretion? | creatine |
| when appear in urine, indicate a problem | blood cells are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane |
| cystitis | inflammation of urinary bladder |
| pyelitis | inflammation of a kidney |
| polyuria | excretion of a large volume of urine |
| located within ventral cavity, retroperitoneal position, superior lumbar region | kidneys |
| ADH increases the permeability of the nephron walls to facilitate | tubular reabsorption |
| release of aldosterone is triggered by | Low sodium ion levels, high potassium ion levels, & rising levels of angiotensin |
| lies deep in the kidney & consists of many triangular regions with a striped appearance | renal medulla |
| triangular areas in renal medulla | renal pyramids |
| Cortical tissue that extends between the medullary or renal pyramids is termed | renal columns |
| Each kidney is surrounded by a layer of fibrous tissue called | renal capsule |
| one of the small extensions of the renal pelvis into which the renal papillae open | calyx |
| if one dissected a medullary or renal pyramid, what structure would be found? | collecting tubules |
| when blood volume drops for any reason arterial blood pressure | drops |
| when blood volume drops for any reason hypothalamic osmoreceptors react by becoming | more active |
| when hypothalamic osmoreceptors become more active they | send impulses to the posterior pituitary for the release of ADH |
| The proximal portion of the nephron is located in which layer of the kidney? | Renal cortex |
| The cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus | secrete renin |
| catalyzes a series of reactions resulting in angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction | when juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin |
| expansion of the ureter into the substance of the kidney forms | renal pelvis |
| flat funnel-shaped tube, which is continuous with the ureter as it leaves the kidney | the renal pelvis |
| filtrate materials found in the nephron first leave the blood at | the glomerulus |
| notch on the medial surface of the kidney, through which the blood vessels enter and leave the kidney, is called | the renal hilus |
| portion of the nephron that is most closely associated with the collecting duct is called | the distal convoluted tubule |
| enlarged, cup-shaped, closed end of renal tubule, which completely surrounds glomerulus | the Bowman's capsule |
| tubular reabsorption | uptake of substances from the lumen of the nephrons |
| three processes, which result in the formation of urine, are | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion |
| What is the function of renin? | catalyses the formation and release of angiotensin |
| most superficial region of the kidney | the renal cortex |
| where does most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occur? | in the proximal convoluted tubule |
| endocrine gland primarily concerned with sodium & potassium ion balance in the body | the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone |
| erythropoietin | hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates RBC production in bone marrow |
| function of paired ureters | serves as transportation channels to carry urine away from one body region to another |
| function of urinary bladder | provide temporary storage reservoirs for urine |
| kidney | small, dark red organs with kidney-bean shape extend from T12 to L3 |
| gives a fresh kidney a glistening appearance | fibrous capsule |
| perirenal fat capsule | surrounds each kidney, acting as cushion against blows |
| renal fascia | outermost capsule, anchoring kidney & holds in place against muscles of trunk wall |
| ptosis | kidneys drop to a low position |
| rapid weight loss can lead to | a condition called ptosis |
| ptosis may cause the ureters of kidneys to | becomed kinked & urine backs up exerting pressure on kidney tissue |
| hydronephrosis | distention of renal pelvis and calices with urine |
| result of obstruction/atrophy of urinary tract | hydronephrosis |
| renal medulla | deep to cortex, darker reddish-brown |
| renal cortex | outer region, light in color |
| apex , tip, points | toward inner region of kidney |
| base faces | toward cortex |
| renal columns separate | renal pyramids with extensions of cortex-like tissue |
| renal pelvis is medial to | hilum; it is a flat, basin-like cavity |
| the renal pelvis is continuous with | ureter, leaving hilum |
| calyces, which collect urine, are | extensions of the renal pelvis; cup-shaped areas enclosing tips of pyramids |
| the blood supply of the kidneys | is rich |
| about 1/4 of total blood supply of body | passes through kidneys each minute |
| renal artery | arterial blood supply of kidney |
| renal artery approaches hilum where it divides into | segmental arteries |
| segmental arteries give off several branches called | interlobar arteries |
| interlobar arteries | travel through renal columns to reach cortex |
| interlobar arteries give off the arcuate arteries at | the cortex-medulla junction |
| arcuate arties | curve over medullary pyramids |
| cortical radiate arteries branch off | arcuate arteries |
| cortical radiate arteries | run outoward to supply cortical tissue |
| venous blood draining from kidney flows through veins that | trace pathway of arterial supply, but in reverse |
| the veins of the kidney emerge from | the kidney hilum |
| there are no segmented | veins |
| glomerulus | knot of capillaries |
| renal tubule | closed end enlarged, cup-shaped & completely surrounds glomerulus |
| Bowman's capsule | visceral layer made up of highly modified, octopus-like cells |
| renal tubule surrounds | the Bowman's capsule |
| podocytes | porous membrane surrounding glomerulus; cells of the Bowman's capsule |
| foot processes of podocytes | long branching processes that intertwine with one another & cling to glomerulus |
| filtration slits | openings in podocytes, between extensions |
| renal tubule extends from glomerular capsule coils & twists, makes a hair-pin loop, | then coils & twists again entering collecting duct |
| as the renal tubule leaves glomerular capsule, coiling & twisting, it is | called the proximal convoluted tubule, or PCT |
| when the renal tubule makes its hair-pin loop, it is | called the loop of Henle |
| when the renal tubule leaves the loop of Henle, coiling & twisting it is | called the distal convoluted tubule, or DCT |
| lumen surface | surface exposed to filtrate |
| lumen surfaces of PCT are covered with | dense microvilli |
| the dense covering of microvilli, in the PCT | increases their surface area |
| most nephrons are called cortical nephrons because | located almost entirely in the cortex |
| situated close to cortex-medulla junction & their loops of Henle dip deep into medulla | juxatmedullary nephrons |
| collecting ducts | receive urine from nephrons & run downward through renal pyramid |
| deliver final urine product into calyces & renal pelvis | the collecting ducts |
| each nephron is associated with 2 capillary beds | glomerulus & peritubular |
| glomerulus capillary bed | specialized for filtration |
| afferent arteriole | arises from cortical radiate artery; "feeder vessel" of the nephron |
| efferent arteriole | receives blood that has passed through glomerulus |
| fed & drained by arterioles, unlike any other in the entire body | the glomerulus capillary bed |
| in the glomerulus capillary bed pressure is much higher because | arterioles are high-resistance vessels & afferent arteriole has larger diameter than efferent |
| the extremely high pressure in the glomerulus capillary bed | forces fluids & solutes out of blood into glomerular capsule |
| peritubular capillary bed | arises from efferent arteriole that drains glomerulus |
| low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption instead of filtration | the peritubular capillary bed |
| peritubular capillary bed cling closely to length of renal tubule, so they can | receive solutes & water from tubule cells as they are reabsorbed from filtrate in tubule |
| peritubular capillary bed drains into | interlobular veins leaving cortex |
| glomerular filtration is a nonselective, passive process where | fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule portion of renal tubule |
| once fluid in glomerular capsule, called filtrate, which is essentially | blood plasma without blood proteins |
| as long as the systemic blood pressure is normal | filtrate will be formed |
| filtrate production stops if | arterial blood pressure falls too low |
| when arterial blood pressure falls too low filtration stops because | glomerular pressure becomes inadequate to force substances out of blood into tubules |
| oliguria | abnormally low urinary output between 100-400ml/day |
| anuria | abnormally low urinary output less than 100ml/day |
| tubular reabsorption begins as soon as | filtrate enters PCT |
| PCT cells are | "transporters" |
| reabsorption of most substances depends on | active transport processes |
| tubular reabsorption uses membranes carries & are | very selective |
| nitrogenous waste products | urea, uric acid, & creatinine |
| poorly reabsorbed & found in high concentrations in urine | nitrogenous waste products |
| urea | formed by liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are use for energy |
| uric acid | released when nucleic acids are metabolized |
| creatinine | associated with creatine metabolism in muscle tissue |
| in order to maintain blood pH & electrolyte composition of the blood | various ions are either reabsorbed or allowed to leave in the urine |
| DCT & collecting duct are also active in | the tubular reabsorption process |
| tubular secretion is | tubular reabsorption in reverse |
| tubular secretion also gets rids of substances | not already in filtrate, such as certain drugs, excess K+ or to balance blood pH |
| in 24 hours, 150 to 180 liter of blood plasma is | filtered by glomeruli into tubules |
| in 24 hours, 1.0 to 1.8 liters | of urine is produced |
| freshly voided urine is normally | clear to deep yellow |
| urochrome | pigment resulting from body's destruction of hemoglobin, gives urine yellow color |
| diluted urine is | pale, straw color |
| amonia odor in urine is caused by | action of bacteria on the urine solutes |
| urine pH is usually | slightly acidic 6 |
| changes in body metabolism & certain foods may cause urine to be | more basic or acidic |
| diabetes mellitus can alter | the usual odor of urine |
| acid-ash foods | diet of large amount of protein & whole-wheat products causes urine to become more acidic |
| alkaline-ash diet | makes urine alkaline because kidneys excrete excess bases; vegetarian diet |
| bacterial infection of urinary tract can cause | urine to be alkaline |
| urine weighs more, or is more dense than | distilled water |
| specific gravity | compare how much heavier urine is than distilled water |
| sensitve early marker for kidney damage | proteinuria |
| each urter runs behind peritoneum from | renal hilum to posterior aspect of bladder, entering at a slight angle |
| peristalsis of smooth muscles layers of ureters | propel urine into the bladder |
| small valvelike folds of bladder mucosa flap over the urter openings preventing | urine from flowing back into ureters from bladder |
| when urine is extremely concentrated solutes, such as uric acid salts, form | crystals that precipitate in renal pelvis |
| renal calculi | crystals in renal pelvis, or kidney stones |
| lithotripsy | use ultrasound waves to shatter calculi, so they can be painlessly voided in urine |
| urinary bladder is a | smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine |
| the urinary bladder is located | retroperitoneally in pelvis, just posterior to pubic symphysis |
| ureteral orifices | two ureter openings |
| internal urethral orifice | single opening of urethra |
| trigone | smooth traingular ergion of bladder base outlined by ureter & internal urethra orifices |
| infections tend to persist in this region | trigone |
| urethra | thin-walled tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body, via peristalsis |
| bladder-urethra junction a tickening of smooth muscle form | the internal urethral sphincter |
| internal urethral sphincter | involuntary sphincter keeping urethra closed when urine is not being passed |
| external urethral sphincter | skeletal muscle as urethra passes through pelvic floor; voluntarily controlled |
| urethritis | inflammation of urethra |
| micturation/voiding | act of emptying the bladder |
| impulses transmitted to sacral region of spinal cord & back to the bladder | via pelvic splanchnic nerves |
| pelvic splanchnic nerve impulses cause | the bladder to go into reflex contractions, causing the need to void |
| incontinence | unable to voluntarily control external sphincter |
| in children incontinence is usually due to | emotional problems |
| urinary retention is a condition in which | the bladder in unable to expel its contained urine |
| often occurs after surgery or due to hyperplasia of prostate gland | urinary retention |
| hyperplasia | enlargement |
| catheterization is treatment for | the condition of urinary retention |
| blood composition depends on | cellular metabolism, diet & urine output |
| water account for about 75% of body weight in | babies with little fat and low bone mass |
| water account for about 50% of body weight in | women who have more fat than muscle |
| water account for about 60% of body weight in | men who have more muscle than fat |
| water account for about 45% of body weight in | eldery |
| fluid compartments | three main locations with the body occupied by water |
| intracellular fluid (ICF) | fluid compartment contain within living cells |
| extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid compartment including all body fluids outside the cells |
| 2/3 of body fluid is contained in | ICF & ECF |
| ECF includes | blood plasma, intersitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, serous fluids, humors of eyes, lymph & others |
| plasma links | internal & external enviroments |
| important to overall body homeostasis | types & amounts of solutes in the body |
| deficit of sodium ions in ECF results in | water loss from bloodstream into tissue spaces & muscular weakness |
| thirst mechanism | driving force for water intake |
| an increase in plasma solute content of 2-3% | excites hypothalamic thirst center |
| reabsorption of water & electrolytes by kidneys is regulated | primarily by hormones |
| osmoreceptors | highly sensitive cells in hypothalamus react to change in blood composition |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | hormone prevents excessive water loss in urine |
| nerve impulses, caused by active osmoreceptors, are sent to | posterior pituitary to release ADH |
| target for ADH is | the kidney's collecting ducts |
| sodium ion is the electrolyte most responible for | osmotic water flows |
| 80% of sodium in filtrate is | reabsorbed in PCT of kidneys |
| for each sodium ion reabsorbed | chloride ion follows & potassium ion secreted into filtrate |
| water follows | salt |
| renin-antiotensin mechanism | most important trigger for aldosterone release |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of complex modified smooth muscle cells (JG cells) in | the afferent arteriole |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of modified epithelial cells | forming part of the DCT |
| when JG apparatus stimulated by low blood pressure in afferent arteriole | respond by releasing renin into blood |
| acts directly on adrenal cortical cells to promotes aldosterone release | when juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin |
| acidosis | drop in arteial blood pH below 7.35 |
| alkalosis | arterial blood pH rises above 7.45 |
| physiological acidosis | any arterial blood pH between 7.35 & 7 |
| acid-base balance is distrubed by | acidic substances entering the blood, due to H ions originating as by-products of cellular metabloism |
| kidneys assume most of load for maintaining | acid-base balance of the blood |
| chemicals buffers are systems of 1 or 2 molecules that | act to prevent dramatic changes in H+ concentration when acids/bases are added |
| first line of defense in resisting blood pH changes | are chemical buffers |
| weak acids are effective at preventing pH changes since they are | forced to dissociate & release more H+ when pH rises over desirable range |
| important role in chemical buffer system | weak acids |
| weak bases are valuable chemical buffers becasue | when Ph drops, they become "stronger" & tie up more H+ |
| three major chemical buffer systems are | bicarbonate, phosphate & protein |
| bicarbonate buffer system | mixture of carbonic acid & sodium bicarbonate |
| strong acid is changed to a weak one, in the bicarbonate buffer system, by | salt acts as base to tie up H+ released by stronger acid forming more carbonic acid |
| cabon dioxide is released expelled from the lungs at the same rate as | it is formed in the tissues |
| lungs can elimanate cardon dioxide but the other acids generated during metabolism | can only be elimanted by the kidneys |
| only the kidneys have the ability to regulate blood levels | of alkaline substance |
| most potent mechanism for regulating blood pH | is the kidneys |
| most important menas the kidneys maintain acid-base balance of blood are | extreting bicarbonate ions & reabsorbing or generating new bicarbonate ions |
| urine pH varies from | 4.5 to 8 |
| variation in urine pH reflects the ability of | renal tubules to excrete basic/acid ions to maintain blood pH homeostasis |
| the third set of tubule system in an embryo | develops into the functional kidneys |
| embryo is excreting urine by | the third month of fetal life |
| polycystic kidney | degenerative condition where one or both kidenys enlarged with cysts containing urine |
| two most common congenital kidney diseases | polycystic kidney & hypospadias |
| hypospadias | condition found in males only, when urethral orifice located on ventral surface of penis |
| newborn kidneys are not able to concentrate urine for the 1st 2 months because | bladder is very small |
| escherichia coli | normal residents of digestive tract |
| excherichia coli are dangerous pathogens | when they enter urinary system |
| account for about 80% of urinary tract infections | escherichia coli |
| glomerulonephritis | glomerular filters become clogged with antigen-antibody complexes from strep infections |
Created by:
lfrancois
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