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A&P Ch13 Respiratory
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| respiratory system | organs that oversee gas exchanges occurring between blood & external enviroment |
| The respiratory membrane is | very thin |
| the thin respiratory membrane allows rapid ______ of O2and CO2 | diffusion |
| The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae serve to | increase the mucosal surface area and increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity |
| A normal tidal volume is about | 500 ml |
| normal tidal volume represents the amount of air | moved into and out of the lungs with each breath |
| Most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) carried in the blood is carried as | the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in plasma |
| O2 loading & CO2 unloading between pulmonary capillary blood & air in alveoli is called | external respiration |
| The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs through normal quiet breathing is known as the | tidal volume |
| Over 90% of lung cancers are associated with | smoking cigarettes |
| The acronym COPD is the abbreviation for | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| surfactant is | a lipid |
| surfunctant acts to raise the surface tension | of water with the alveoli |
| The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States is | cystic fibrosis |
| respiratory zone | bronchioles, alveolar ducts & sacs, & alveoli; only site of gas exchange |
| conducting zone structures | serve as conduits to & from respiratory zone; includes all other resp. passageways not in resp zone |
| terminal bronchioles lead into | respiratory zone structures |
| respiratory zone structures terminate in | the aveoli |
| network of branching/rebranching respiratory passageways within lungs is referred to as | brochial tree/respiratory tree |
| stroma | elestic connective tissue of lungs allowing it to reoil passively on exhalation |
| walls of alveoli are composed largely of | single, layer of squamous epithelial cells |
| alveolar pores | connect neighboring air sacs, providing alt. routes for air to reach alveoli |
| external surfaces of alveoli are | covered with "cobweb" of pulmonary capillaries |
| respiratory membrane is also called | air-blood barrier |
| the air-blood barrier is constructed of | avleolar & capillary walls, fused basement membranes & occasional eleastic fibers |
| has gas (air) flowing through on one side & blood following through on the other side | the air-blood barrier |
| oxygen passes from the alveolar air into | the capillary blood |
| carbon dioxide leaving capillary blood enters | the gas-filled alveoli |
| alveolar macrophages are sometimes called | "dust cells" |
| wander in & out of alveoli picking up bacteria, carbon particles & other debris | alveolar macrophages |
| there are cuboidal cells scattered among | the epithelial cells forming most of alveolar walls |
| produce lipid molecule called surfunctant, which is very important to lung function | cuboidal cells of alveoli |
| major function of respiratory system is to | supply blood with oxygen & dispose of cardob dioxide |
| four distinct events allowing respiratory system to complete their function | collectively called respiration |
| pulmonary ventilation | air must move in/out of lung so gases in alveoli are continuously refreshed |
| process of pulmonary ventilation is called | breathing |
| external respiration | gas exchange between pulmonary blood & alveoli |
| gas exchanges are being made between blood & exterior in | external respiration |
| repiratory gas transport | O2 & CO2 must be transported to/from lungs & tissue cells of body via bloodstream |
| internal respiration | at systemtic capillaries gas exchnaged between blood & tissue cells |
| gas exchanges occur between blood & cells inside body during | internal repsiration |
| cellular respiration | actual use of O2 & CO2 produced by tissue cells |
| cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions in the body | cellular respiration |
| breathing is a completely mechanical process that depends on volume exchanges occurring in | the thoracic cavity |
| volume changes lead to | pressure changes |
| pressure changes lead to | flow of gasses to equalize pressure |
| unlike liquid, gas | fills its container |
| in a large volume gas molecules will be far apart and the pressure is | low |
| pressure is created by the gas molesules | hitting eachother & walls of container |
| if volume is reduced the gas molecules will be closer together and the pressure is | rising |
| inspiration | when air is flowing into the lung |
| expiration | when air is leaving the lungs |
| inspiratory muscles are | the diaphragm & external intercostals |
| when inspiratory muscles contract the size of the thoracic cavity | increases |
| when diaphragm contracts it moves | inferiorly & flattens out, or is depressed |
| result of diaphragm contraction, superior-inferior dimension of thoracic cavity | will increase |
| contraction of external intercostals | lifts rib cage & thrusts sternum forward |
| contraction of external intercostals increases the | anteriorposterior & lateral dimensions |
| the lungs adhere tightly to the thorax walls due to | surface tension of fluid between pleural membranes |
| the lungs are stretched to the new, larger size of the thorax because | they are bound to the walls of the thorax |
| intrapulmonary volume | volume within lungs |
| when intrapulmonary volume increases, gases within lungs | spread out to fill the larger space |
| when pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure | a partial vacuum is produced, which sucks air into the lungs |
| in healthy people this is largely passive process depending on natural elasticity | expiration |
| when inspiratory muscles relax & resume intial resting length, | the rib cage descends & lungs recoil |
| intrapulmonary volume decreases, gases in lungs forced closer together then | intrapulmonary pressure rises to a point higher than atmospheric pressure |
| when intrapulmonary pressure rises to a point higher than atmospheric pressure it causes | gases to flow out to equalize pressure inside/outside lungs |
| unde normal circumstances expiration is | effortless |
| if respiratory passageways are narrowed by spasms or blocked with mucus/fluid | expiration becomes an active process, or forced expiration |
| during forced expiration internal intercostal muscles | are activated to help depress rib cage |
| during forced expiration abdominal muscles contract & help | to force air from lungs by squeezing abdominal organs upward against diaphragm |
| intrapleural pressure | normal pressure within plueral space always negative |
| major force preventing collapse of lungs | negative pressure within plueral space |
| if intrapleural pressure becomes = to atmospheric pressure | the lungs immediately recoil completely & collapse |
| atelectasis | collapsed lung |
| when a lung is collapsed it is | useless for ventilation |
| when air enters pleural space, due to a chest wound it is normal for a | atelectasis to occur |
| atelectasis can also result from | rupture of visceral pleura |
| rupture of visceral pleura allows | air to enter plueral space from respiratory tract |
| pneumothorax | presence of air in intrapleural space, disrupting fluid bond between pleurae |
| revered by drawing air out of intrapleural space with a chest tube | pneumothorax |
| when a pneumothorax is relieved with a chest tube this allows | lung to reinflate & resume its normal function |
| nonrespiratory air movements | result from a reflex activity, but some are produced voluntarily |
| cough, sneeze, cry, laugh are all examples of | nonrespiratory air movements |
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume |
| between 2100 & 3200ml is the | normal IRV |
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal expiration |
| 1200ml is the approximate | normal ERV |
| residual volume | even after strenuous expiration, the 1200ml of air remaining in lungs, that can't be expelled |
| important because allows continuous gas exchange between breaths & keeps alveoli open | residual volume |
| vital capacity (VC) | sum of TV + IRV + ERV |
| dead space volume | amount of air remaining in conducting zone passageways, never reaching alveoli |
| 150ml is the amount of | dead space volume during a normal tidal breath |
| spirometer | instrument used to measure respiratory capacity |
| useful in evaluating losses in respiratory functioning & follow course of respiratory diseases | spirometer |
| inspiration is obstructed causing decrease in IVR & VC | in pneumonia |
| expiration hampered, causing ERV to be lower than normal & residual volume is higher | in emphysema |
| bronchial sounds | produced by air rushing through trachea & bronchi |
| vesicular breathing sounds | occur as air fills alveoli, soft & resemble muffled breeze |
| crackle | bubbling sound |
| wheezing | whistling sound |
| abnormal respiratory sounds due to disease, mucus or pus | crackle & wheeze |
| all gas exchanges are made according to | laws of diffusion |
| duffusion | movement occurs toward area of lower concentration of diffusing substance |
| dark red blood is found | flowing through pulmonary circuit |
| dark red blood is transformed into scarlet when | returned to heart for distribution to systemic circuit |
| color change of dark red to scarlet blood is due to | oxygen pickup by hemoglobin in lungs |
| there is more oxygen in the | alveoli, than in the lungs |
| because concentration of CO2 higher in pulmonary capillaries than avleolar air, it | will move from blood into alveoli & be flushed out of lungs during expiration |
| oxyhemoglobin | oxygen attaches to hemoglobin molecules inside RBCs |
| small amount of oxygen in carried dissovled in | the plasma |
| enzymatic conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ion occurs within | RBCs |
| once coverted into bicarbonate ion it | diffuses into the plasma |
| CO2 carried inside RBCs is bound to hemoglobin at | different site than O2 |
| before CO2 can diffuse out of blood into alveoli | it must be released from bicarbonate ion form |
| enter RBCs combining with H+ to form carbonic acid | process for CO2 to be released from bicarbonate ion form |
| carbonic acid splits to form | water & CO2, which diffuses from blood into alveoli |
| hypoxia | inadequate O2 delivery to body tissues |
| cyanotic | skin & mucosa take on bluish cast due to lack of O2 |
| hypoxia can be result of | anemia, pulmonary disease or impaired/blocked blood circulation |
| leading cause of death from fire | carbon monoxide poisening |
| carbonic anhydrase | speeds upreaction of bicarbonate ions converting to carbonic acid |
| nerve impulses from brain to diaphragm & external intercostals travel by | phrenic or intercostal nerves |
| neural centers that control respiratory rhythm are located | deep in the medulla & pons |
| medulla | sets basic rhythm of breathing & contains self-exciting inspiratory center |
| self-exciting inspiratory center | located in medulla; neurons fire impulses to travel to phrenic/instercostal nerves |
| medulla also contain expiratory center which | inhibits pacemaker in rhythmic way |
| eupnea | normal respiration of rate 12-15 respirations/minute |
| pons centers | smooth out basic ryhthm of inspiration/expiration set by medulla |
| bronchioles & alveoli have stretch receptors that respond to | extreme overinflation by initiating protective reflexes |
| in case of overinflation ____ send inpulses from stretch receptors to medulla | vagus nerves |
| hyperpnea | increased deep breathing, which may/may not be accompanied by increase in respiratory rate |
| Maximal hyperpnea occurs during | strenuous exercise |
| overdose of sleeping pills, morphine or alcohol can lead to | medullary centers being completely suppressed causing respiration to stop, and death |
| concious control of breathing will be overtaken by | involuntary controls once O2 supply becomes low or blood pH falls |
| emtional factors can modify the | rate & depth of breathing |
| emotional factors result from reflexes initiated by emotional stimuli acting | through centers in hypothalamus |
| most important stimuli leading to increase in rate & depth of breathing | increased CO2 & decreased blood pH |
| changes in CO2 levels in blood act directly on | medulla centers by influencing pH of cerebrospinal fluid |
| peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta & fork in common cartoid artery detect | changes in O2 concentration in blood |
| send impulses to medulla when blood O2 levels are dropping | peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta & fork in common cartoid artery |
| the most stimulus for breathing in a person is the body's need to | rid itself of CO2 |
| hyperventilation | abnormally fast and deep breathing |
| blows off more CO2, decreasing amount of carbonic acid & returns blood pH to normal | hyperventilation |
| hypoventilation | reduced amount of air entering alveoli, which causes increase in arterial CO2 level |
| acidosis | accumulation of acid & hydrogen ions; depletion of alkaline reserve in blood & body tissues, resulting in decrease in pH |
| alkalosis | decrease in hydrogen ion concentration of blood (increase in pH) |
| when the buffering ability of blood is overwhelmed the result is | acidosis/alkalosis |
Created by:
lfrancois
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